EEB304 LECT17 MedicinalPlants Spring11

7/30/2019 EEB304 LECT17 MedicinalPlants Spring11

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Thursday LectureMedicinal Plants

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 11


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Margarinemade from fats

- originally from animal fats- white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of

butter

Advantage: Stores better than butter

Dairy Industryfought against use of margarine

- Taxes

- Regulations against sale; against use of dyes

Wisconsinprohibited sale of colored margarineRepealed

1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people

would buy and mix their own coloring agent)


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Quiz


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Quiz

1. Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops.

2. Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine isobtained from it and a disease it is used to treat

3. What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?


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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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History - Highlights2500 BCSumerian use of opium poppy

1770 BCCode of Hammurabi in Babylonmentions plants

Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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1550 BCEbers papyrus in Egypt700+ medicinal formulas

Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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400 BCHippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine

300 BCTheophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens

Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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77 ADDioscorides, De Materia Medica

Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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77 ADDioscorides, De Materia Medica

Fig. 11.2, p. 263


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HistoryHighlights II

1500 ADAge of herbalism, ParacelsusDoctrine of Signatures


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1775 ADDr. William WitheringFoxglove extracts


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1900 ADHalf of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived

directly from plants


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1900sadvent of scientific medicine


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1900sadvent of scientific medicine

2000Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity


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Plant-Derived Medicines

Major Classes of Compounds:

1. Steroids


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1. Steroids

2. Alkaloids


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1. Steroids

2. Alkaloids

Useful terms:

Secondary Compound

Glycoside


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Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271


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Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271


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Steroids - Chemistry


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Alkaloids - Chemistry

1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure

Fig. 11.7, p. 272


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1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems

Fig. 11.7, p. 272


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Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272


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Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272


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Examples of Plant Medicines

Fig. 11.12, p. 276

1900over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants

2001about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants,but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced

structures, or start with plant materials

Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle

relaxants etc.


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Chaulmoogra Oil -Hydnocarpus

Leprosybacterial disease, affects sensitive individuals

Chaulmoogra oilfirst effective treatment

Active

ingredient

seed oil

Now replaced

with antibiotics

Fig. 11.8, p. 273


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Malaria - Cinchona Fig. 11.9, p. 274

Malariacaused by protozoan

Cinchona = Jesuits Bark


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Cinchona - bark of Peru; yellow bark

About 40 species - Andean area of South America

Native Grown

Stolen by British, Dutch

S li A i i


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Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece)used willow bark to treat pain

S li A i i


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1897Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemistsynthesizes, names aspirin

S li A i i


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1897Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemistsynthesizes, names aspirin

Di t id


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Dioscorea steroids

Wild Yamconvenient source for

steroidal saponins which can be

converted into synthetic hormones

for use in contraceptives

Fig. 11.13, p. 277

P Alk l id


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PapaverAlkaloids Fig. 11.6, p. 279

Catharanthus poster child for


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Catharanthusposter child for

plant-derived medicines

Effective drugs vs. lymphomas

(Hodgkins disease)

Fig. 11.22, p. 282

N D D l t


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New Drug Development

average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years

-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured

Comparison:

Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectivenessU.S. - "absolute proof"

-> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold asdietary supplements in U.S.

Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko


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Looking for new drugs - General parameters:

1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug product

Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million(average)

Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of

profitability


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Development of Phy 906Phytoceutica

Herbal medicine

Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine

Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice),ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony)

Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer

chemotherapy regimes

Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also

appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers


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Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs

International Agreements

(1) Discovery

- by pharmaceutical companies

- preceded by traditional healers

Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?

(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals

cycle:

Gene poor country, has scientific expertise

-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science

-> development of chemical by gene poor country

-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country

Tuesday Lecture Psychoactive and


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Tuesday LecturePsychoactive and

Poisonous Plants

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12

Documents

EEB304 LECT17 MedicinalPlants Spring11