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8/7/2019 E100 Guideline
1/20
From the
Worldwide Fuel Charter
Committee
MARCH 2009
For copies, please visit the association websites.
European AutomobileManufacturers Association
Avenue des Nerviens 85B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 732 55 50Fax: +32 2 738 73 10
www.acea.be
Alliance ofAutomobile Manufacturers
1401 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 900Washington D.C., 20005
Tel: 1 (202) 326-5500Fax: 1 (202) 326-5568www.autoalliance.org
Engine ManufacturersAssociation
Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 1700Chicago IL, 60602
Main Telephone: 1 (312) 827-8700Facsimile: 1 (312) 827-8737www.enginemanufactures.org
Japan AutomobileManufacturers Association
Jidosha Kiakan1-30, Shiba Daimon 1-Chome
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanTel: +81-3-5405-6125Fax: +81-3-5405-6136www.japanauto.com
ETHANOL
GUIDELINES
8/7/2019 E100 Guideline
2/20
8/7/2019 E100 Guideline
3/20
European Automobile
Manufacturers Association
Alliance of Automobile
Manufacturers
Engine Manufacturers
Association
Japan Automobile
Manufacturers Association
March2009
Subject: WorldwideBiofuelsHarmonisationDearEthanolGuidelinesRecipient:
Onbehalfofautomobileandenginemanufacturersfromaroundtheworld,wearepleasedtopresentthisFirst
EditionofEthanolGuidelinesfromtheWorldwideFuelCharter(WWFC)Committee. WecreatedtheWWFCin
1998topromotegreaterunderstandingoftheimpactoffuelqualityonengineandmotorvehicleemissionsand
performanceandtopromoteharmonizationoffuelqualityworldwideinaccordancewithengineandvehicle
needsindifferentmarkets.
RapidgrowthintheuseofethanolandbiodieselhaspromptedtheWWFCCommitteetoaddresstheneedfor
moreinformationabouttheseimportantrenewablefuels. Aswithconventionalgasolineanddieselfuel,biofuel
qualitymustmatchtheneedsandcapabilitiesofengineandvehicletechnologies,especiallyasthesetechnologies
becomemoreadvancedtomeetultracleanemissionstandards. Thisdocumentprovidesourguidanceonethanol
quality;acompaniondocumentprovidesguidanceonbiodieselquality.
Giventhewidevariationinperformanceandmeasurementmethodsofbiofuelblendsatdifferentblendlevels,
theseguidancedocumentsfocusonthequalityoftheblendstockusedtomakefinishedbiofuelblends,ratherthan
onthefinishedfuelsthemselves. Specifically,wecreatedthisdocumenttoguideblenderswhoproduceanduse
100%ethanolandgasolineblendstockstomakefinished10%ethanolblends. Theresultingfinishedfuelsshould
continuetomeettherecommendationscontainedintheWWFCforthevariouscategoriesofmarketfuels.
Theuseofethanolandbiodieselfuelsisimportanttohelpextendsuppliesofgasolineanddieselfuel. As
renewablefuels,theyhavethepotentialtohelpreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases. Properformulationalso
canhelpassureloweremissionsofconventionalpollutants. Thekeytoachievinglowemissionsistosustainably
producegoodqualityblendstocksandtoblendanddistributethefinishedfuelsinawaythatpreservestheir
qualitywhentheyreachtheconsumer.
Thisdocumentrepresentsourbestcollectivejudgmentatthistime,basedonexperiencewithethanolproduced
fromconventionalfeedstocks,suchascornandsugarcane,andaidedbycommentsfrominterestedparties. We
recognizethattechnicalinformationwillcontinuetoevolve,sothisdocumentwillalsochangeovertimeaswe
learnmore. Weappreciatetheeffortsofthosewhoprovidedinformationandcomments,andweareespecially
gratefultothosewhoexpressedsupportforthisendeavor.
Welookforwardtoworkingwithyoutosupportthedevelopmentanduseofhighqualityrenewablefuelsforthe
benefitofconsumersandtheenvironmentworldwide.
IvanHodac
SecretaryGeneral
ACEA
DaveMcCurdy
President&CEO
Alliance
JedR.Mandel
President
EMA
YoshiyasuNao
President
JAMA
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ii
ListofMembers
ACEAmembercompanies
BMWGroup,DAFTrucksNV,DaimlerAG,FiatS.p.A.,FordofEuropeGmbH,GeneralMotorsEuropeAG,MAN
NutzfahrzeugeAG,PorscheAG,PSAPeugeotCitron,RenaultSA,ScaniaAB,ToyotaMotorEurope,
VolkswagenAG,ABVolvo.
Alliancemembercompanies
BMWofNorthAmerica,ChryslerLLC,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,JaguarLandRover,
MazdaNorthAmericanOperations,MercedesBenzUSA,MitsubishiMotorSalesofAmerica,Inc.,PorscheCars
NorthAmerica,Inc.,ToyotaMotorNorthAmerica,Inc.,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica.
EMAmembercompanies
AmericanHondaMotorCo.,Inc.,Briggs&StrattonCorporation,CaterpillarInc.,ChryslerLLC,CNHGlobalN.V.,
CumminsInc.,DaimlerTrucksNorthAmericaLLC,Deere&Company,DeutzCorporation,DresserWaukesha,
FiatPowertrainTechnologiesS.p.A,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,HinoMotors,Ltd.,
IsuzuManufacturingServicesofAmerica,Inc.,KohlerCompany,KomatsuLtd.,KubotaEngineAmerica
Corporation,MTUDetroitDiesel,Inc.,Navistar,Inc.,OnanCumminsPowerGeneration,PACCARInc,Scania
CVAB,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,Inc.,VolvoPowertrainCorporation,WrtsilNorthAmerica,Inc.,
YamahaMotorCorporation,YanmarAmericaCorporation
JAMAmembercompanies
DaihatsuMotorCo.Ltd.,FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,HinoMotorsLtd.,HondaMotorCo.Ltd.,IsuzuMotors
Limited,KawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,MazdaMotorCorporation,MitsubishiFusoTruckandBus
Corporation,MitsubishiMotorsCorporation,NissanDieselMotorCo.Ltd.,NissanMotorCo.Ltd.,Suzuki
MotorCorporation,ToyotaMotorCorporation,YamahaMotorCo.Ltd.
Associatemembers
Association
of
International
Automobile
Manufacturers
(AIAM)
AssociationofInternationalAutomotiveManufacturersofCanada(AIAMC)
AssociacionMexicanadelaIndustriaAutomotriz,A.C.(AMIA)
BrazilianAssociationofmotorvehicleandmotorisedagriculturalmachinerymanufacturers(ANFAVEA)
CanadianVehicleManufacturers Association(CVMA)
ChamberofAutomotiveManufacturersofthePhilippines,Inc.(CAMPI)
ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(CAAM)
IndonesiaAutomotiveFederation(IAF)
KoreaAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(KAMA)
NationalAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersofSouthAfrica(NAAMSA)
MalaysianAutomotiveAssociation(MAA)
ThaiAutomotiveIndustryAssociation(TAIA)
VietnamAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(VAMA)
Supportingorganisation:
OrganisationInternationaledesConstructeursdAutomobiles(OICA)
8/7/2019 E100 Guideline
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iii
Acronyms
ABNTNBR AssociaoBrasileiradeNormasTcnicas(BrazilianStandardsNumber)
ACEA AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles(Europeanautomotive
manufacturersassociation)
Alliance AllianceofAutomobileManufactures
ASTM ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)
C2C5 Monoalcoholwithtwotofivecarbonatoms
C3C5 Monoalcoholwiththreetofivecarbonatoms
CCD CombustionChamberDeposits
CEN ComitEuropeandeNormalisation(EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization)
Cl Chlorineion
E10 10%ethanolblendedgasoline
EC EuropeanCommission
EMA EngineManufacturersAssociation
EN EuropeanNorm
ICP InductivelyCoupledPlasmaspectrometer
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
IVD IntakeValveDeposits
JAMA JapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation
JAAS JapanAlcoholAssociationStandard
JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandards
Na+ Sodiumion
ppm partspermillion
prEN ProvisionalEuropeanNorm
SO42 Sulfate
S/m microSiemenspermeter
WWFC WorldwideFuelCharter
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iv
CONTENTS
ListofMembers ............................................................................................. ii
Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iii
Introduction .................................................................................................. 1
GuidelinesforE100BlendstockforuseinuptoE10Blends............................... 2
SummaryofGuidelines .................................................................................. 9
SummaryofTestMethods............................................................................ 11
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Introduction
ThepurposeoftheWorldwideFuelCharteristopromotehighqualityandharmonizedfuelsonaglobal
basis,consideringtheneedforoptimumengineandvehicleperformanceanddurabilityandforthe
cleanestpossibleoperationofengineandvehicletechnologies. Meetingtheseobjectiveswillbenefit
consumers,simplifyfuelmarkets,facilitatetradeandhelpgovernmentsmeetpublicpolicygoals.
Biofuelsareofparticularinteresttodayduetotheirpotentialtohelpreducetheuseofpetroleumbased
fuels,improveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions. Ethanolisoneofthesefuelsthat
isviableandinusetodayasadirectgasolineadditiveaswellasafeedstockformakingethergasoline
additives. Otherpromisingrenewableblendstocksforgasolineincludebioethers(e.g.,ethanoltertiary
butylether(ETBE)andtertiaryamylethylether(TAEE))andbioalcohols(e.g.,biobutanol). Good
ethanolqualityisfundamentaltoitscontinuedsuccessasafuelaswellasafeedstockforotherfuel
additives. Theguidancepresentedherecontainsmanufacturerrecommendationsregardingtheethanol
qualityneededforproperengineandvehicleoperation.
Therecommendedlimitsarespecificallyestablishedforanhydrous100%ethanol(E100)blendstock
intendedforblendingwithpetroleumbasedgasolinetomakeablendcontainingamaximumof10%
ethanolbyvolume(E10)suitableforuseinvehicleswithsparkignitionengines. Higherlevelblends
(greaterthanE10)aresuitableforuseonlyinvehiclesdesignedforsuchfuel,suchasflexiblefueled
vehicles,andethanolusedforhigherblendsmayrequiredifferentlimits. Thefinishedethanolgasoline
blends(upto10%ethanol),aswellasthefinishedpetroleumbasedgasoline,shouldcontinuetomeet
therequirementsoftheappropriategasolinecategoryintheWorldwideFuelCharter.
Theseguidelinesarebasedonengineandvehiclemanufacturerexperiencewithethanolfuelsmade
fromfeedstockscommonlyusedtodayinvariousmarketsaroundtheworld(e.g.,cornandsugarcane).
Theguidelinesareperformancebasedandfeedstockneutral.
Ethanolfuelblendsmusthaveuniformpropertiesthroughouttoensureaconsistentquality. Highspeed
injectionblendingisgenerallypreferredtosplashblendingasameanstoensureuniformquality
throughoutthefinalfuelblend. Localregulationsmayrequirecertainadditives(e.g.,U.S.denaturant
requirements). Maintaininggoodfuelqualityrequiresgoodhousekeepingpracticesthroughoutproduction,distribution,blendingandstorage. Allpartieshandlingethanolanditsblendsshouldwatch
forcondensationandphaseseparation;fuelcontaminatedwithwatershouldnotbesoldtoconsumers.
Blendersandretailersareadvisedtochangefiltersregularly.
Ethanolgasolineblends,especiallythoseabove10%ethanol,mustbeproperlylabeledatthedispenser
toenabletheconsumertodeterminethefuelscompatibilitywiththeengineorvehiclemanufacturers
fuelrecommendationsandwarrantystatements. Thisguidanceincludessuggestionsforpumplabeling,
tohelpinformmarketersaboutthetypeofinformationneededandtoencouragemarketuniformity.
EngineandvehiclemanufacturerswillcontinuetoevaluatetheseGuidelinesforongoingapplicabilityto
increasinglysophisticatedvehiclesystemsandcomponents,whichmustcomplywithnumerous
governmentregulations. TheWWFCCommitteewillreviewandrevisetheserecommendationsas
necessarytoreflectchangesinengineandvehicletechnologies,ethanolproductionandmarketing
practicesandtestmethods.
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GuidelinesforE100BlendstockforuseinuptoE10Blends
Property Value Units Testmethods1EthanolplusC3C5
saturatedalcohols
(anhydrous)
99.2min %m/m EN15721
ASTMD5501
Other: JAAS0016.2
C3C5saturated
alcohols(anhydrous)
2max %m/m EN15721
Methanol 0.5max %m/m EN15721
ASTMD5501
EthanoltoC5SaturatedAlcohols(anhydrous)
Thisrecommendedlimit,whichappliestoanhydrousethanol,isameasureofqualitythatshouldbe
viewedtogetherwithmethanolandwaterlimits. Itisanacceptablelimitforlowerlevelethanolblends;
aminimumof99.5%v/visrecommended,however,forblendsbetweenE5andE10.
Somecountriesrequireproducerstodenaturetheethanolbeforeitcanentercommerceasa
transportationfuelorblendstock;blendersshouldfollowlocalrulesregardingtheconcentrationand
typeofdenaturant. Blendersshouldreviewcomponentsifthenonethanolcomponentscomprisemore
than5%ofthevolumeoftheethanolblendstock. Blendersshouldmatchtherecommendedlimittothe
testmethodused.
C3C5SaturatedAlcohols(anhydrous)
Thesealcoholsusuallyenterthefuelethanolasproductionbyproductsandarelimitedasawayto
controlthepurityoftheethanol.
Methanol
Fermentationprocessescanproducesmallamountsofmethanol,andsomecountriesrequireasmall
amountasadenaturant,butmethanolhasharmfuleffectssoitshouldbeminimized.
Notesregardingtestmethods:WhentestingbyISOmethods,theethanolshouldmeetthespecifiedlimitsbeforeanydenaturantis
added,recognizingthatabuyermayhavedifficultyverifyingthelimitwheretheethanolhasbeen
previouslydenatured.
Problemsmayoccurwhenmeasuringhigheralcoholsifgasolineisusedasadenaturant.
1WhentestingbyISOmethods,thelimitshallapplytoundenaturedethanol. Unlessotherwisenoted,theCENtestmethods
havebeenshowntoapplytoethanolinaninterlaboratorytestprogramme: EthanolTestMethodsInterlaboratoryStudy,
CEN/TC19/WG27,ElementalAnalysisofPetroleumProducts,availablefromNEN,P.O.Box5059,NL2600GBDelft,The
Netherlands. Precisiondatafromtheprogrammeareincorporatedintothetestmethod.
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Water 0.3max %m/m EN15489
ASTME203
JISK8101
Waterinthefuelcanpromotecorrosionandmicrobialgrowth. Watercanenterethanolduring
productionandthroughcondensationduringthefuelsdistributionandstorage. Ifthewatercontentis
toohigh,phaseseparationmayoccurafterblendingwithgasoline. Undissolvedwaterinthefuelline
cancausetheenginetorununevenlyorstall.
Addingethanoltogasolinechangestheamountofwaterthatcanbecontainedinthegasolinemixture
withoutseparating,sincethethreecomponents(gasoline,waterandethanol)havedifferentsolubilities.
Ethanoldissolvesinbothgasolineandwater,butwaterdoesnotdissolveinneatgasolineexceptin
minuteamounts. Thismeansthatgasolineethanolblendswillallowmorewaterinthefuelmixture,
therebyincreasingthepotentialforcorrosionandmicrobialgrowth. Italsomeansthatphase
separationwilloccurmorereadilyatlowerethanollevelsinthegasolineblend.Thewaterlimitwas
selectedforproblemfreevehicleoperationevenatlowlevelethanolblendrates(forexample,ator
below5%byvolume),consideringhandlinganddistributionpracticesaswellasthepotentialfor
additionalmixinginthevehicletank. Temperaturealsoplaysarole,sowhereregionalconditions
permit,ahigherlevelofwater,upto0.7%m/m,isallowed.
Indeterminingthebestwaytohandlefuelethanol,blendersanddistributorsshouldconsiderthe
ethanolspurityandlocalhumiditylevels. Theyshouldstrivetominimizewatercontentthroughout
distributionthroughcarefulhandlingandgoodhousekeeping. Thepresenceofwaterindicatesaneed
toimproveethanolhandlingpractices,suchasbyaddinganitrogensealtothestoragetank.
Notesregardingtestmethods:RegardingEN15489,acrosscheckvalidationmayshowthataKarlFischervolumetricmethodalso
applies.
Density report kg/m3 ASTMD4052
Other: ABNTNBR5992
Densityisameasureofthequalityoftheblendstock. Fuelethanolshouldbecomprisedalmostentirely
ofethanolmolecules,soitsdensityshouldapproximatethatofpureethanol. Adensitymeasurementis
alsoneededtoconvertmassresultstovolumetricresultsandtocorrectthevolumefortemperature.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Densitymeasurementsareaccurateindicatorsofpurityonlyifthefuelethanolhasinsignificant
amountsofotheralcoholswithsimilardensity.
Electrical
conductivity
500max S/m ASTMD1125
JISK0130
Other: ABNTNBR10547
Electricalconductivitycorrelatescloselywiththeamountofmetallicionssuchaschloride,sulfate,
sodiumandironinthefuel. Ahigherelectricalconductivitymeansthefuelcontainsahigheramountof
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corrosiveandmetallicionsthatpromotecorrosionandfailureinthevehiclefuellineandthatalsocause
injectordeposits. Thislimitisequivalentto5ppmforthesumofsodium,sulfateandchlorideions.
1 10 100 1000 10000
1000
100
10
500
Ion (Na+ + SO42- + Cl-), ug/kg
Conductivity,uS/m
1
Relation between Conductivity and Total Ion
Data : Japan Alcohol Association
Notesregardingtestmethods:Newmethodsareunderdevelopment.
Inorganicchloride 10.0max mg/l EN15484orEN15492
ASTMD7319,D7328
Other: ABNTNBR10894/10895
Inorganicchlorideisextremelycorrosiveandcorrodesmetalsinvehiclefuellines,evenatlowlevelsof
contamination. Thislimitwasselectedforethanolintendedforblendingintogasolinebutamore
stringentlimitwouldbeneededforethanolusedatessentiallyneatlevels.
Controllingelectricalconductivitywillhelpminimizethepresenceofchlorideion.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Interlaboratorytestinghasfailedtoshowstatisticaldifferencesinprecisionatthespecifiedlevelsin
casesofdisagreementbetweentheresultsofEN15484andEN15492.
Sulfate 4max mg/kg EN15492
ASTMD7318,D7319,D7328
Other: ABNTNBR10894/12120
Sulfateisverycorrosiveandwillcorrodemetalsinthevehiclesfuelsystem,evenatlowlevelsof
contamination. Sulfatealsopromotesdepositsoninjectors. Controllingelectricalconductivitywillhelp
minimizethepresenceofsulfate. Amaximumlimitof1mg/kgisrecommendedforfinishedblends.
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Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD2622isanacceptablemethodforsamplescontainingmorethan20mg/kgsulfur.
EN15485,EN15486: Incasesofdisputeconcerningsulfurcontent,interlaboratorytestinghasnot
identifiedstatisticaldifferencesinprecisionatthespecifiedlevels. Thesemethodshavespecial
provisionsforethanolthatarenotincorporatedintotheusualpetroleumtestmethods(e.g.,ENISO
20846,
Petroleum
productsDetermination
of
low
sulfur
content
of
automotive
fuelsUltraviolet
fluorescencemethod(ISO20846:2004)andENISO20884,PetroleumproductsDeterminationoflow
sulfurcontentofautomotivefuelsWavelengthdispersiveXrayfluorescencespectroscopy(ISO
20884:2004)).
Heavymetals Nondetectable;No
intentionaladdition
Other: ICPAES
Fuelethanolshouldcontainnoheavymetals,whichpoisoncatalystsandcauseexhaustemissionsto
increase. Incaseofdenaturedethanol,thislimitmaybeunnecessary.
Notesregardingtestmethods:
AgeneralguideforperformingtraceelementanalysisbyICPcanbefoundinASTMD7260.
Nonvolatile
material*
5max mg/100ml prEN15691
ASTMD381
JISJAAS0016.3
Other: ABNTNBR8644
*Similartoevaporativeresidueandexistentunwashedgum. Seenotesregardingtestmethods,below.
Non
volatility
material
may
contain
heavy
components
that
result
from
contamination
in
the
distributionsystem. Thesecomponentscontributetodeposits.
ForundenaturedE100,thislimitmaybeusedasanalternativetothelimitforexistentwashedgum.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Thethreeproceduresdifferbutareessentiallytryingtomeasurethesameproperty,namely,the
residueremainingaftertheethanolisevaporated. TheUS(ASTMD381)andBrazilian(NBR8644)
proceduresaresimilar,buttheUSwashesthesamplewithheptaneandBrazilmeasuresunwashedgum.
TheEUprocedure(prEN15691),whichisstillindevelopmentanddesignedspecificallyforethanol
intendedforblendingwithgasoline,determinesthetotaldryresiduebyagravimetricmethod. Fornon
volatilesat10mg/100ml,theprecisionofthismethodisR=4.78;fornonvolatilesat20mg/100ml,the
precision
is
R=5.48.
The
JIS
method,
which
is
commonly
used
to
measure
food
ethanol,
has
excellent
precision.
Forallthemethods,anappropriatesamplesizemustbeusedtoensureaccurateresults.
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pHe 6.5 9 ASTMD6423
MethodsthatproducepHelikeresults
68 EN15490
JISJASOM3616.10
Other: ABNTNBR10891
ThepHevaluemeasuresacidityandalkalinity,bothofwhichcanincreasecorrosion. Ahighervalue
meansthefuelcontainsmorealkalinecomponents,andalowervaluemeansitcontainsmoreacidic
components. Avalueof7indicatesneutrality,andthefuelmustbeasclosetoneutralaspossible.
Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD6423istheempiricalmethodthatdefinespHe. Regardingtheotherlistedmethodswhich
producepHelikeresults,notethatpHisnotdefinedfornonaqueoussolvents,andallpHlike
measurements
in
non
aqueous
solvents
are
purely
empirical
measurements
defined
by
the
measuring
equipmentanddetailsofthetestprocedure. Asaconsequence,suchmethodsareexpectedtoreturn
differentresultsonthesamesample. ASTMmethodisunderreview.
Acidity(asacetic
acid)
0.007max %m/m EN15491
ASTMD1613
Other: ISO1388/2;ABNTNBR9866
Blendersmustlimittheacidityoftheethanolblendstocktocontroltheacidityinthefinishedgasoline
blend.
Appearance clearandbright,novisible
impurities
Visualinspection
Fuelshouldbeclearinappearanceandfreeofvisiblewaterandsediment. Thepresenceofthese
materialsgenerallyindicatespoorfuelhandlingpractices. Waterandsedimentcanshortenfilterlifeor
plugfuelfilters,whichcanleadtoenginefuelstarvation.
Notesregardingtestmethods:CENisworkingtodevelopamethodformeasuringappearance,alongwithethanolpurity,higher
saturated(C3,C5)monoalcoholcontentandmethanolcontent.
Color Visualinspection
Colormayvaryaccordingtolocalrules.
AdditionalProperties
ConsulttheWorldwideFuelCharterforrecommendedlimitsandtestmethodsforadditional
propertiessuchasoctaneandvolatilitythatrequirecontrolinthefinishedE10blend.
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Notes
Denaturant
Limitsaredeterminedbynationalorlocalregulation. Wherealocalgovernmentrequiresproducersto
denaturethefuelethanol,theonlypermitteddenaturantsaregasoline(conformingtoEN228,ASTM
D4814or JISK2202);ethyltertbutylether(ETBE);methyltertbutylether(MTBE);tertbutylalcohol
(TBA);isobutanol(2methyl1propanol);andisopropanol(2propanol). Anyorallofthesedenaturantsmaybeusedaloneortogether,exceptthatisobutanolandisopropanolseparateeasilyfromsolution,so
itisadvisabletousethemincombinationwithanotherdenaturant. Thefinalgasolineethanolblend
shouldalsomeetEN228,D4814orJISK2202.
GoodHousekeepingPractices
Giventheknownpotentialforethanoltoabsorbwater,suppliersshallensurethatwaterdoesnot
contaminatetheethanolfuelundertheexpectedrangeofclimaticandfueldistributionconditions.
AdditionalusefulinformationcanbefoundinGuidelinesForBlendingAndHandlingMotorGasoline
ContainingUpTo10%V/VEthanol,CONCAWE,ReportNo.3/08,April2008.
Labeling
Vehicleandenginemanufacturersdesigntheirproductsforcompatibilitywithdifferentconcentrations
ofethanol. Mostcurrentproductionvehicleswithsparkignitionenginesarecompatiblewithgasoline
containingupto10%ethanol;someinusevehiclesandengines,however,maybeincompatiblewith
thisblend. Checkownerguideformanufacturerrecommendations. Somemanufacturersoffervehicles
forusewithhighlevelethanolblends,suchasthosecontaining85%ethanol. Concernsaboutethanol
compatibilityandqualityincreaseastheethanolcontentincreases. TheWWFCrecommendsdispenser
labelingthatidentifiestheamountofethanolcontentandadvisestheconsumertocheckmanufacturer
recommendations.
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SummaryofGuidelines
Property Value Units TestMethodsEthanolplusC3C5
saturatedalcohols
(anhydrous)
99.2min %m/m EN15721
ASTMD5501
Other: JAAS0016.2
C3C5saturated
alcohols
(anhydrous)
2max %m/m EN15721
Methanol 0.5max %m/m EN15721
ASTMD5501
Water 0.3max %m/m EN15489
ASTME203
JISK8101
Density report kg/m3 ASTMD4052
Other: ABNTNBR5992
Electricalconductivity 500max S/m ASTMD1125
JISK0130
Other: ABNTNBR10547
Inorganicchloride 10.0max mg/l EN15484orEN15492
ASTMD7319,D7328
Other: ABNTNBR10894/10895
Sulfate 4max mg/kg EN15492
ASTMD7318,D7319,D7328
Other: ABNTNBR10894/12120
Copper 0.100max mg/kg
(ppm)
EN15488
ASTMD1688modified,MethodAJISK0101
Other: ABNTNBR10893
Organicimpurities 10max
(1max)
mg/l
(%m/m)
JISJAAS0016.4
Phosphorus 0.50max mg/l EN15487
ASTMD3231
Sulfur 10max mg/kgor
ppm
EN154863
ASTMD5453(
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Property Value Units TestMethodspHe 6.59 ASTMD6423
pHelike 68 EN15490
JISJASOM3616.10
Other: ABNTNBR10891
Acidity(asaceticacid) 0.007max %m/m EN15491
ASTMD1613
Other: ISO1388/2;ABNTNBR9866
Appearance Clearandbright,no
visibleimpurities
Visualinspection
Color localrequirement Visualinspection
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11
SummaryofTestMethods
(seemaintextforadditionalnotes)
Property Units CEN/ISO4
ASTM JIS Other
Ethanol+C3C5
(anhydrous)%m/m EN15721 D5501
JAAS0016.2
(C2C5)
C3C5saturatedalcohols
(anhydrous)%m/m EN15721
Methanol %m/m EN15721 D5501
Water %m/m EN15489 E203 K8101
Density kg/m3 D4052 ABNT/NBR5992
Electricalconductivity S/m D1125 K0130ABNT/NBR
10547
Inorganicchloride mg/lEN15484or
EN154925
D7319
D7328
ABNT/NBR
10894/10895
Sulfate mg/kg EN15492
D7318
D7319
D7328
ABNT/NBR
10894/12120
Coppermg/kg
(ppm)EN15488
D1688
modified,
MethodA
K0101ABNT/NBR
10893
Organicimpuritiesmg/l
(or%m/m)JAAS0016.4
Phosphorus mg/l EN15487 D3231
Sulfurmg/kgor
ppmEN15486
6
D5453
(
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Ten organizations and individuals submitted comments on the proposed first edition of Ethanol
Guidelines from the Worldwide Fuel Charter (WWFC) Committee. All comments were carefully
reviewedforappropriateaction. Forbrevity, the followingdiscussionhasbeenorganizedbyconcept
rather than repeatedly responding to similar comments. Several helpful editorial and technical
correctionswereadoptedbutarenotdescribed inthisdocument. Forreasonsofconfidentiality, the
individual commenters are not identified. As with the WWFC, the Ethanol Guidelines represent
recommendations for a globalmarket, and as such,will differ from the standards of any particular
countryorlocation.
GeneralCommentsontheEthanolGuidelines
Comment: Some countries are allowing E10+ and properties wont change much, so the
Guidelinesshouldallowsomeflexibility.
Response: TheGuidelinesare intendedfortheuseofethanolasablendingcomponentwith
gasolineatratesupto10%byvolume,only. Higherconcentrationswouldrequire
significantadditionalevaluationtodeterminewhethertheyareappropriateforuse
inenginesandvehiclesnotoriginallydesignedforsuchfuels.
Comment: Ethanolisnottheonlybiofuelavailableforblendingwithgasoline. TheGuidelines
should add information about ether biooxygenates (e.g., ETBE, TAEE). Ethanol
qualityisalsoimportantinproducingetherblendstocks.
Response: Whileotherrenewablefuelsarebeingdeveloped,ethanolasablendingcomponent
for gasoline is being produced and distributed worldwide today in significant
quantities. TheCommitteedecidedtomakeethanolthefocusoftheseGuidelines.
Comment: TheGuidelinesaremorerestrictivethanstandards in3mainmarkets(US,EUand
Brazil),sotheywouldbedifficulttoimplement.
Response: TheGuidelinesare intended toprovide information regardingallparameters that
areinvolvedindefiningaqualityblendstock. Allparametersmaynotbeapplicable
to a specific region, but ifmet in total, theywould facilitateworldwide ethanol
distribution.
Comment: ASTMD4806andD5798provideadequateguidanceonethanolblendstockquality.
Guidelinesarenotneeded.
Response: TheCommitteedisagrees. Manyproperties importanttotheoperationofcurrent
hightechnologyenginesandvehiclesystemsarenotincludedinthecurrentASTM
standards.
Comment: IntheU.S.,apurityof99.2%isunachievableduetodenaturantrequirement(1.96%
5.0%).
Response: TheGuidelinesapplytoE100,i.e.,beforedenaturantsareadded.
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Comment: The Guidelines should not limit anhydrous saturated C3C5 alcohols to max 2%
becausehigheralcoholsmaybemore compatiblewithvehiclesand less costly to
produce.
Response: Thisisguidanceforethanol,notforallalcohols.
Comment: Manyattripartitethinka0.3%waterlimitistoorestrictive. Californiauses0.6%as
thelimitfor5.7%ethanolblends. Nophaseseparationhasbeenreporteddownto
15C. Suchalowlimitwouldrestrictproductavailabilityandincreasecost;itmay
alsorequiredriersontanks.
Response: Strict water content limits are important to assure acceptable fuel quality at all
ambient conditions. Also, careful shipping and handling practices should be
monitoredtoprotectagainstpickingupadditionalwaterintransit.
Comment: Severalcommentersraisedquestionsregardingaconductivitylimitandtheneedfor
additionallimitsoncertainmetallicions.
Response: The Committee believes that themax limit for electrical conductive species as a
wholeisneeded. Inaddition,limitsforsomecorrosiveionsaredefined.
Comment: Variouscommentsrelatedtotheinclusionofasulfaterequirement.
Response: The Committee believes blenders should check sulfate in the ethanol blendstock
prior to blending with gasoline, since the primary source of sulfate in gasoline
ethanolblendsisfromethanolproductionprocesses.
Comment: Severalcommentersraisedquestionsregardingtheneedtomonitorheavymetals.
Response: Heavy metals have a severe and significant adverse effect on aftertreatmentsystemsand theirperformance.TheGuidelineshighlight thisfacttohelpblenders
and others understandwhy heavymetals should not be allowed to entermotor
vehiclefuels.
Comment: CONCAWEhaspublishedguidelinesregardinghousekeeping.
Response: The Committee agrees this is a useful document and has included it in the
Guidelinesasareference.
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Recommended