E100 Guideline

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    From the

    Worldwide Fuel Charter

    Committee

    MARCH 2009

    For copies, please visit the association websites.

    European AutomobileManufacturers Association

    Avenue des Nerviens 85B-1040 Brussels, Belgium

    Tel: +32 2 732 55 50Fax: +32 2 738 73 10

    www.acea.be

    Alliance ofAutomobile Manufacturers

    1401 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 900Washington D.C., 20005

    Tel: 1 (202) 326-5500Fax: 1 (202) 326-5568www.autoalliance.org

    Engine ManufacturersAssociation

    Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 1700Chicago IL, 60602

    Main Telephone: 1 (312) 827-8700Facsimile: 1 (312) 827-8737www.enginemanufactures.org

    Japan AutomobileManufacturers Association

    Jidosha Kiakan1-30, Shiba Daimon 1-Chome

    Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanTel: +81-3-5405-6125Fax: +81-3-5405-6136www.japanauto.com

    ETHANOL

    GUIDELINES

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    European Automobile

    Manufacturers Association

    Alliance of Automobile

    Manufacturers

    Engine Manufacturers

    Association

    Japan Automobile

    Manufacturers Association

    March2009

    Subject: WorldwideBiofuelsHarmonisationDearEthanolGuidelinesRecipient:

    Onbehalfofautomobileandenginemanufacturersfromaroundtheworld,wearepleasedtopresentthisFirst

    EditionofEthanolGuidelinesfromtheWorldwideFuelCharter(WWFC)Committee. WecreatedtheWWFCin

    1998topromotegreaterunderstandingoftheimpactoffuelqualityonengineandmotorvehicleemissionsand

    performanceandtopromoteharmonizationoffuelqualityworldwideinaccordancewithengineandvehicle

    needsindifferentmarkets.

    RapidgrowthintheuseofethanolandbiodieselhaspromptedtheWWFCCommitteetoaddresstheneedfor

    moreinformationabouttheseimportantrenewablefuels. Aswithconventionalgasolineanddieselfuel,biofuel

    qualitymustmatchtheneedsandcapabilitiesofengineandvehicletechnologies,especiallyasthesetechnologies

    becomemoreadvancedtomeetultracleanemissionstandards. Thisdocumentprovidesourguidanceonethanol

    quality;acompaniondocumentprovidesguidanceonbiodieselquality.

    Giventhewidevariationinperformanceandmeasurementmethodsofbiofuelblendsatdifferentblendlevels,

    theseguidancedocumentsfocusonthequalityoftheblendstockusedtomakefinishedbiofuelblends,ratherthan

    onthefinishedfuelsthemselves. Specifically,wecreatedthisdocumenttoguideblenderswhoproduceanduse

    100%ethanolandgasolineblendstockstomakefinished10%ethanolblends. Theresultingfinishedfuelsshould

    continuetomeettherecommendationscontainedintheWWFCforthevariouscategoriesofmarketfuels.

    Theuseofethanolandbiodieselfuelsisimportanttohelpextendsuppliesofgasolineanddieselfuel. As

    renewablefuels,theyhavethepotentialtohelpreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases. Properformulationalso

    canhelpassureloweremissionsofconventionalpollutants. Thekeytoachievinglowemissionsistosustainably

    producegoodqualityblendstocksandtoblendanddistributethefinishedfuelsinawaythatpreservestheir

    qualitywhentheyreachtheconsumer.

    Thisdocumentrepresentsourbestcollectivejudgmentatthistime,basedonexperiencewithethanolproduced

    fromconventionalfeedstocks,suchascornandsugarcane,andaidedbycommentsfrominterestedparties. We

    recognizethattechnicalinformationwillcontinuetoevolve,sothisdocumentwillalsochangeovertimeaswe

    learnmore. Weappreciatetheeffortsofthosewhoprovidedinformationandcomments,andweareespecially

    gratefultothosewhoexpressedsupportforthisendeavor.

    Welookforwardtoworkingwithyoutosupportthedevelopmentanduseofhighqualityrenewablefuelsforthe

    benefitofconsumersandtheenvironmentworldwide.

    IvanHodac

    SecretaryGeneral

    ACEA

    DaveMcCurdy

    President&CEO

    Alliance

    JedR.Mandel

    President

    EMA

    YoshiyasuNao

    President

    JAMA

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    ii

    ListofMembers

    ACEAmembercompanies

    BMWGroup,DAFTrucksNV,DaimlerAG,FiatS.p.A.,FordofEuropeGmbH,GeneralMotorsEuropeAG,MAN

    NutzfahrzeugeAG,PorscheAG,PSAPeugeotCitron,RenaultSA,ScaniaAB,ToyotaMotorEurope,

    VolkswagenAG,ABVolvo.

    Alliancemembercompanies

    BMWofNorthAmerica,ChryslerLLC,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,JaguarLandRover,

    MazdaNorthAmericanOperations,MercedesBenzUSA,MitsubishiMotorSalesofAmerica,Inc.,PorscheCars

    NorthAmerica,Inc.,ToyotaMotorNorthAmerica,Inc.,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica.

    EMAmembercompanies

    AmericanHondaMotorCo.,Inc.,Briggs&StrattonCorporation,CaterpillarInc.,ChryslerLLC,CNHGlobalN.V.,

    CumminsInc.,DaimlerTrucksNorthAmericaLLC,Deere&Company,DeutzCorporation,DresserWaukesha,

    FiatPowertrainTechnologiesS.p.A,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,HinoMotors,Ltd.,

    IsuzuManufacturingServicesofAmerica,Inc.,KohlerCompany,KomatsuLtd.,KubotaEngineAmerica

    Corporation,MTUDetroitDiesel,Inc.,Navistar,Inc.,OnanCumminsPowerGeneration,PACCARInc,Scania

    CVAB,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,Inc.,VolvoPowertrainCorporation,WrtsilNorthAmerica,Inc.,

    YamahaMotorCorporation,YanmarAmericaCorporation

    JAMAmembercompanies

    DaihatsuMotorCo.Ltd.,FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,HinoMotorsLtd.,HondaMotorCo.Ltd.,IsuzuMotors

    Limited,KawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,MazdaMotorCorporation,MitsubishiFusoTruckandBus

    Corporation,MitsubishiMotorsCorporation,NissanDieselMotorCo.Ltd.,NissanMotorCo.Ltd.,Suzuki

    MotorCorporation,ToyotaMotorCorporation,YamahaMotorCo.Ltd.

    Associatemembers

    Association

    of

    International

    Automobile

    Manufacturers

    (AIAM)

    AssociationofInternationalAutomotiveManufacturersofCanada(AIAMC)

    AssociacionMexicanadelaIndustriaAutomotriz,A.C.(AMIA)

    BrazilianAssociationofmotorvehicleandmotorisedagriculturalmachinerymanufacturers(ANFAVEA)

    CanadianVehicleManufacturers Association(CVMA)

    ChamberofAutomotiveManufacturersofthePhilippines,Inc.(CAMPI)

    ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(CAAM)

    IndonesiaAutomotiveFederation(IAF)

    KoreaAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(KAMA)

    NationalAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersofSouthAfrica(NAAMSA)

    MalaysianAutomotiveAssociation(MAA)

    ThaiAutomotiveIndustryAssociation(TAIA)

    VietnamAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(VAMA)

    Supportingorganisation:

    OrganisationInternationaledesConstructeursdAutomobiles(OICA)

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    iii

    Acronyms

    ABNTNBR AssociaoBrasileiradeNormasTcnicas(BrazilianStandardsNumber)

    ACEA AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles(Europeanautomotive

    manufacturersassociation)

    Alliance AllianceofAutomobileManufactures

    ASTM ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)

    C2C5 Monoalcoholwithtwotofivecarbonatoms

    C3C5 Monoalcoholwiththreetofivecarbonatoms

    CCD CombustionChamberDeposits

    CEN ComitEuropeandeNormalisation(EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization)

    Cl Chlorineion

    E10 10%ethanolblendedgasoline

    EC EuropeanCommission

    EMA EngineManufacturersAssociation

    EN EuropeanNorm

    ICP InductivelyCoupledPlasmaspectrometer

    ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

    IVD IntakeValveDeposits

    JAMA JapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation

    JAAS JapanAlcoholAssociationStandard

    JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandards

    Na+ Sodiumion

    ppm partspermillion

    prEN ProvisionalEuropeanNorm

    SO42 Sulfate

    S/m microSiemenspermeter

    WWFC WorldwideFuelCharter

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    iv

    CONTENTS

    ListofMembers ............................................................................................. ii

    Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iii

    Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

    GuidelinesforE100BlendstockforuseinuptoE10Blends............................... 2

    SummaryofGuidelines .................................................................................. 9

    SummaryofTestMethods............................................................................ 11

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    Introduction

    ThepurposeoftheWorldwideFuelCharteristopromotehighqualityandharmonizedfuelsonaglobal

    basis,consideringtheneedforoptimumengineandvehicleperformanceanddurabilityandforthe

    cleanestpossibleoperationofengineandvehicletechnologies. Meetingtheseobjectiveswillbenefit

    consumers,simplifyfuelmarkets,facilitatetradeandhelpgovernmentsmeetpublicpolicygoals.

    Biofuelsareofparticularinteresttodayduetotheirpotentialtohelpreducetheuseofpetroleumbased

    fuels,improveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions. Ethanolisoneofthesefuelsthat

    isviableandinusetodayasadirectgasolineadditiveaswellasafeedstockformakingethergasoline

    additives. Otherpromisingrenewableblendstocksforgasolineincludebioethers(e.g.,ethanoltertiary

    butylether(ETBE)andtertiaryamylethylether(TAEE))andbioalcohols(e.g.,biobutanol). Good

    ethanolqualityisfundamentaltoitscontinuedsuccessasafuelaswellasafeedstockforotherfuel

    additives. Theguidancepresentedherecontainsmanufacturerrecommendationsregardingtheethanol

    qualityneededforproperengineandvehicleoperation.

    Therecommendedlimitsarespecificallyestablishedforanhydrous100%ethanol(E100)blendstock

    intendedforblendingwithpetroleumbasedgasolinetomakeablendcontainingamaximumof10%

    ethanolbyvolume(E10)suitableforuseinvehicleswithsparkignitionengines. Higherlevelblends

    (greaterthanE10)aresuitableforuseonlyinvehiclesdesignedforsuchfuel,suchasflexiblefueled

    vehicles,andethanolusedforhigherblendsmayrequiredifferentlimits. Thefinishedethanolgasoline

    blends(upto10%ethanol),aswellasthefinishedpetroleumbasedgasoline,shouldcontinuetomeet

    therequirementsoftheappropriategasolinecategoryintheWorldwideFuelCharter.

    Theseguidelinesarebasedonengineandvehiclemanufacturerexperiencewithethanolfuelsmade

    fromfeedstockscommonlyusedtodayinvariousmarketsaroundtheworld(e.g.,cornandsugarcane).

    Theguidelinesareperformancebasedandfeedstockneutral.

    Ethanolfuelblendsmusthaveuniformpropertiesthroughouttoensureaconsistentquality. Highspeed

    injectionblendingisgenerallypreferredtosplashblendingasameanstoensureuniformquality

    throughoutthefinalfuelblend. Localregulationsmayrequirecertainadditives(e.g.,U.S.denaturant

    requirements). Maintaininggoodfuelqualityrequiresgoodhousekeepingpracticesthroughoutproduction,distribution,blendingandstorage. Allpartieshandlingethanolanditsblendsshouldwatch

    forcondensationandphaseseparation;fuelcontaminatedwithwatershouldnotbesoldtoconsumers.

    Blendersandretailersareadvisedtochangefiltersregularly.

    Ethanolgasolineblends,especiallythoseabove10%ethanol,mustbeproperlylabeledatthedispenser

    toenabletheconsumertodeterminethefuelscompatibilitywiththeengineorvehiclemanufacturers

    fuelrecommendationsandwarrantystatements. Thisguidanceincludessuggestionsforpumplabeling,

    tohelpinformmarketersaboutthetypeofinformationneededandtoencouragemarketuniformity.

    EngineandvehiclemanufacturerswillcontinuetoevaluatetheseGuidelinesforongoingapplicabilityto

    increasinglysophisticatedvehiclesystemsandcomponents,whichmustcomplywithnumerous

    governmentregulations. TheWWFCCommitteewillreviewandrevisetheserecommendationsas

    necessarytoreflectchangesinengineandvehicletechnologies,ethanolproductionandmarketing

    practicesandtestmethods.

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    GuidelinesforE100BlendstockforuseinuptoE10Blends

    Property Value Units Testmethods1EthanolplusC3C5

    saturatedalcohols

    (anhydrous)

    99.2min %m/m EN15721

    ASTMD5501

    Other: JAAS0016.2

    C3C5saturated

    alcohols(anhydrous)

    2max %m/m EN15721

    Methanol 0.5max %m/m EN15721

    ASTMD5501

    EthanoltoC5SaturatedAlcohols(anhydrous)

    Thisrecommendedlimit,whichappliestoanhydrousethanol,isameasureofqualitythatshouldbe

    viewedtogetherwithmethanolandwaterlimits. Itisanacceptablelimitforlowerlevelethanolblends;

    aminimumof99.5%v/visrecommended,however,forblendsbetweenE5andE10.

    Somecountriesrequireproducerstodenaturetheethanolbeforeitcanentercommerceasa

    transportationfuelorblendstock;blendersshouldfollowlocalrulesregardingtheconcentrationand

    typeofdenaturant. Blendersshouldreviewcomponentsifthenonethanolcomponentscomprisemore

    than5%ofthevolumeoftheethanolblendstock. Blendersshouldmatchtherecommendedlimittothe

    testmethodused.

    C3C5SaturatedAlcohols(anhydrous)

    Thesealcoholsusuallyenterthefuelethanolasproductionbyproductsandarelimitedasawayto

    controlthepurityoftheethanol.

    Methanol

    Fermentationprocessescanproducesmallamountsofmethanol,andsomecountriesrequireasmall

    amountasadenaturant,butmethanolhasharmfuleffectssoitshouldbeminimized.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:WhentestingbyISOmethods,theethanolshouldmeetthespecifiedlimitsbeforeanydenaturantis

    added,recognizingthatabuyermayhavedifficultyverifyingthelimitwheretheethanolhasbeen

    previouslydenatured.

    Problemsmayoccurwhenmeasuringhigheralcoholsifgasolineisusedasadenaturant.

    1WhentestingbyISOmethods,thelimitshallapplytoundenaturedethanol. Unlessotherwisenoted,theCENtestmethods

    havebeenshowntoapplytoethanolinaninterlaboratorytestprogramme: EthanolTestMethodsInterlaboratoryStudy,

    CEN/TC19/WG27,ElementalAnalysisofPetroleumProducts,availablefromNEN,P.O.Box5059,NL2600GBDelft,The

    Netherlands. Precisiondatafromtheprogrammeareincorporatedintothetestmethod.

    2

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    Water 0.3max %m/m EN15489

    ASTME203

    JISK8101

    Waterinthefuelcanpromotecorrosionandmicrobialgrowth. Watercanenterethanolduring

    productionandthroughcondensationduringthefuelsdistributionandstorage. Ifthewatercontentis

    toohigh,phaseseparationmayoccurafterblendingwithgasoline. Undissolvedwaterinthefuelline

    cancausetheenginetorununevenlyorstall.

    Addingethanoltogasolinechangestheamountofwaterthatcanbecontainedinthegasolinemixture

    withoutseparating,sincethethreecomponents(gasoline,waterandethanol)havedifferentsolubilities.

    Ethanoldissolvesinbothgasolineandwater,butwaterdoesnotdissolveinneatgasolineexceptin

    minuteamounts. Thismeansthatgasolineethanolblendswillallowmorewaterinthefuelmixture,

    therebyincreasingthepotentialforcorrosionandmicrobialgrowth. Italsomeansthatphase

    separationwilloccurmorereadilyatlowerethanollevelsinthegasolineblend.Thewaterlimitwas

    selectedforproblemfreevehicleoperationevenatlowlevelethanolblendrates(forexample,ator

    below5%byvolume),consideringhandlinganddistributionpracticesaswellasthepotentialfor

    additionalmixinginthevehicletank. Temperaturealsoplaysarole,sowhereregionalconditions

    permit,ahigherlevelofwater,upto0.7%m/m,isallowed.

    Indeterminingthebestwaytohandlefuelethanol,blendersanddistributorsshouldconsiderthe

    ethanolspurityandlocalhumiditylevels. Theyshouldstrivetominimizewatercontentthroughout

    distributionthroughcarefulhandlingandgoodhousekeeping. Thepresenceofwaterindicatesaneed

    toimproveethanolhandlingpractices,suchasbyaddinganitrogensealtothestoragetank.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:RegardingEN15489,acrosscheckvalidationmayshowthataKarlFischervolumetricmethodalso

    applies.

    Density report kg/m3 ASTMD4052

    Other: ABNTNBR5992

    Densityisameasureofthequalityoftheblendstock. Fuelethanolshouldbecomprisedalmostentirely

    ofethanolmolecules,soitsdensityshouldapproximatethatofpureethanol. Adensitymeasurementis

    alsoneededtoconvertmassresultstovolumetricresultsandtocorrectthevolumefortemperature.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:Densitymeasurementsareaccurateindicatorsofpurityonlyifthefuelethanolhasinsignificant

    amountsofotheralcoholswithsimilardensity.

    Electrical

    conductivity

    500max S/m ASTMD1125

    JISK0130

    Other: ABNTNBR10547

    Electricalconductivitycorrelatescloselywiththeamountofmetallicionssuchaschloride,sulfate,

    sodiumandironinthefuel. Ahigherelectricalconductivitymeansthefuelcontainsahigheramountof

    3

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    corrosiveandmetallicionsthatpromotecorrosionandfailureinthevehiclefuellineandthatalsocause

    injectordeposits. Thislimitisequivalentto5ppmforthesumofsodium,sulfateandchlorideions.

    1 10 100 1000 10000

    1000

    100

    10

    500

    Ion (Na+ + SO42- + Cl-), ug/kg

    Conductivity,uS/m

    1

    Relation between Conductivity and Total Ion

    Data : Japan Alcohol Association

    Notesregardingtestmethods:Newmethodsareunderdevelopment.

    Inorganicchloride 10.0max mg/l EN15484orEN15492

    ASTMD7319,D7328

    Other: ABNTNBR10894/10895

    Inorganicchlorideisextremelycorrosiveandcorrodesmetalsinvehiclefuellines,evenatlowlevelsof

    contamination. Thislimitwasselectedforethanolintendedforblendingintogasolinebutamore

    stringentlimitwouldbeneededforethanolusedatessentiallyneatlevels.

    Controllingelectricalconductivitywillhelpminimizethepresenceofchlorideion.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:Interlaboratorytestinghasfailedtoshowstatisticaldifferencesinprecisionatthespecifiedlevelsin

    casesofdisagreementbetweentheresultsofEN15484andEN15492.

    Sulfate 4max mg/kg EN15492

    ASTMD7318,D7319,D7328

    Other: ABNTNBR10894/12120

    Sulfateisverycorrosiveandwillcorrodemetalsinthevehiclesfuelsystem,evenatlowlevelsof

    contamination. Sulfatealsopromotesdepositsoninjectors. Controllingelectricalconductivitywillhelp

    minimizethepresenceofsulfate. Amaximumlimitof1mg/kgisrecommendedforfinishedblends.

    4

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    Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD2622isanacceptablemethodforsamplescontainingmorethan20mg/kgsulfur.

    EN15485,EN15486: Incasesofdisputeconcerningsulfurcontent,interlaboratorytestinghasnot

    identifiedstatisticaldifferencesinprecisionatthespecifiedlevels. Thesemethodshavespecial

    provisionsforethanolthatarenotincorporatedintotheusualpetroleumtestmethods(e.g.,ENISO

    20846,

    Petroleum

    productsDetermination

    of

    low

    sulfur

    content

    of

    automotive

    fuelsUltraviolet

    fluorescencemethod(ISO20846:2004)andENISO20884,PetroleumproductsDeterminationoflow

    sulfurcontentofautomotivefuelsWavelengthdispersiveXrayfluorescencespectroscopy(ISO

    20884:2004)).

    Heavymetals Nondetectable;No

    intentionaladdition

    Other: ICPAES

    Fuelethanolshouldcontainnoheavymetals,whichpoisoncatalystsandcauseexhaustemissionsto

    increase. Incaseofdenaturedethanol,thislimitmaybeunnecessary.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:

    AgeneralguideforperformingtraceelementanalysisbyICPcanbefoundinASTMD7260.

    Nonvolatile

    material*

    5max mg/100ml prEN15691

    ASTMD381

    JISJAAS0016.3

    Other: ABNTNBR8644

    *Similartoevaporativeresidueandexistentunwashedgum. Seenotesregardingtestmethods,below.

    Non

    volatility

    material

    may

    contain

    heavy

    components

    that

    result

    from

    contamination

    in

    the

    distributionsystem. Thesecomponentscontributetodeposits.

    ForundenaturedE100,thislimitmaybeusedasanalternativetothelimitforexistentwashedgum.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:Thethreeproceduresdifferbutareessentiallytryingtomeasurethesameproperty,namely,the

    residueremainingaftertheethanolisevaporated. TheUS(ASTMD381)andBrazilian(NBR8644)

    proceduresaresimilar,buttheUSwashesthesamplewithheptaneandBrazilmeasuresunwashedgum.

    TheEUprocedure(prEN15691),whichisstillindevelopmentanddesignedspecificallyforethanol

    intendedforblendingwithgasoline,determinesthetotaldryresiduebyagravimetricmethod. Fornon

    volatilesat10mg/100ml,theprecisionofthismethodisR=4.78;fornonvolatilesat20mg/100ml,the

    precision

    is

    R=5.48.

    The

    JIS

    method,

    which

    is

    commonly

    used

    to

    measure

    food

    ethanol,

    has

    excellent

    precision.

    Forallthemethods,anappropriatesamplesizemustbeusedtoensureaccurateresults.

    6

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    pHe 6.5 9 ASTMD6423

    MethodsthatproducepHelikeresults

    68 EN15490

    JISJASOM3616.10

    Other: ABNTNBR10891

    ThepHevaluemeasuresacidityandalkalinity,bothofwhichcanincreasecorrosion. Ahighervalue

    meansthefuelcontainsmorealkalinecomponents,andalowervaluemeansitcontainsmoreacidic

    components. Avalueof7indicatesneutrality,andthefuelmustbeasclosetoneutralaspossible.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD6423istheempiricalmethodthatdefinespHe. Regardingtheotherlistedmethodswhich

    producepHelikeresults,notethatpHisnotdefinedfornonaqueoussolvents,andallpHlike

    measurements

    in

    non

    aqueous

    solvents

    are

    purely

    empirical

    measurements

    defined

    by

    the

    measuring

    equipmentanddetailsofthetestprocedure. Asaconsequence,suchmethodsareexpectedtoreturn

    differentresultsonthesamesample. ASTMmethodisunderreview.

    Acidity(asacetic

    acid)

    0.007max %m/m EN15491

    ASTMD1613

    Other: ISO1388/2;ABNTNBR9866

    Blendersmustlimittheacidityoftheethanolblendstocktocontroltheacidityinthefinishedgasoline

    blend.

    Appearance clearandbright,novisible

    impurities

    Visualinspection

    Fuelshouldbeclearinappearanceandfreeofvisiblewaterandsediment. Thepresenceofthese

    materialsgenerallyindicatespoorfuelhandlingpractices. Waterandsedimentcanshortenfilterlifeor

    plugfuelfilters,whichcanleadtoenginefuelstarvation.

    Notesregardingtestmethods:CENisworkingtodevelopamethodformeasuringappearance,alongwithethanolpurity,higher

    saturated(C3,C5)monoalcoholcontentandmethanolcontent.

    Color Visualinspection

    Colormayvaryaccordingtolocalrules.

    AdditionalProperties

    ConsulttheWorldwideFuelCharterforrecommendedlimitsandtestmethodsforadditional

    propertiessuchasoctaneandvolatilitythatrequirecontrolinthefinishedE10blend.

    7

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    Notes

    Denaturant

    Limitsaredeterminedbynationalorlocalregulation. Wherealocalgovernmentrequiresproducersto

    denaturethefuelethanol,theonlypermitteddenaturantsaregasoline(conformingtoEN228,ASTM

    D4814or JISK2202);ethyltertbutylether(ETBE);methyltertbutylether(MTBE);tertbutylalcohol

    (TBA);isobutanol(2methyl1propanol);andisopropanol(2propanol). Anyorallofthesedenaturantsmaybeusedaloneortogether,exceptthatisobutanolandisopropanolseparateeasilyfromsolution,so

    itisadvisabletousethemincombinationwithanotherdenaturant. Thefinalgasolineethanolblend

    shouldalsomeetEN228,D4814orJISK2202.

    GoodHousekeepingPractices

    Giventheknownpotentialforethanoltoabsorbwater,suppliersshallensurethatwaterdoesnot

    contaminatetheethanolfuelundertheexpectedrangeofclimaticandfueldistributionconditions.

    AdditionalusefulinformationcanbefoundinGuidelinesForBlendingAndHandlingMotorGasoline

    ContainingUpTo10%V/VEthanol,CONCAWE,ReportNo.3/08,April2008.

    Labeling

    Vehicleandenginemanufacturersdesigntheirproductsforcompatibilitywithdifferentconcentrations

    ofethanol. Mostcurrentproductionvehicleswithsparkignitionenginesarecompatiblewithgasoline

    containingupto10%ethanol;someinusevehiclesandengines,however,maybeincompatiblewith

    thisblend. Checkownerguideformanufacturerrecommendations. Somemanufacturersoffervehicles

    forusewithhighlevelethanolblends,suchasthosecontaining85%ethanol. Concernsaboutethanol

    compatibilityandqualityincreaseastheethanolcontentincreases. TheWWFCrecommendsdispenser

    labelingthatidentifiestheamountofethanolcontentandadvisestheconsumertocheckmanufacturer

    recommendations.

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    SummaryofGuidelines

    Property Value Units TestMethodsEthanolplusC3C5

    saturatedalcohols

    (anhydrous)

    99.2min %m/m EN15721

    ASTMD5501

    Other: JAAS0016.2

    C3C5saturated

    alcohols

    (anhydrous)

    2max %m/m EN15721

    Methanol 0.5max %m/m EN15721

    ASTMD5501

    Water 0.3max %m/m EN15489

    ASTME203

    JISK8101

    Density report kg/m3 ASTMD4052

    Other: ABNTNBR5992

    Electricalconductivity 500max S/m ASTMD1125

    JISK0130

    Other: ABNTNBR10547

    Inorganicchloride 10.0max mg/l EN15484orEN15492

    ASTMD7319,D7328

    Other: ABNTNBR10894/10895

    Sulfate 4max mg/kg EN15492

    ASTMD7318,D7319,D7328

    Other: ABNTNBR10894/12120

    Copper 0.100max mg/kg

    (ppm)

    EN15488

    ASTMD1688modified,MethodAJISK0101

    Other: ABNTNBR10893

    Organicimpurities 10max

    (1max)

    mg/l

    (%m/m)

    JISJAAS0016.4

    Phosphorus 0.50max mg/l EN15487

    ASTMD3231

    Sulfur 10max mg/kgor

    ppm

    EN154863

    ASTMD5453(

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    Property Value Units TestMethodspHe 6.59 ASTMD6423

    pHelike 68 EN15490

    JISJASOM3616.10

    Other: ABNTNBR10891

    Acidity(asaceticacid) 0.007max %m/m EN15491

    ASTMD1613

    Other: ISO1388/2;ABNTNBR9866

    Appearance Clearandbright,no

    visibleimpurities

    Visualinspection

    Color localrequirement Visualinspection

    10

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    11

    SummaryofTestMethods

    (seemaintextforadditionalnotes)

    Property Units CEN/ISO4

    ASTM JIS Other

    Ethanol+C3C5

    (anhydrous)%m/m EN15721 D5501

    JAAS0016.2

    (C2C5)

    C3C5saturatedalcohols

    (anhydrous)%m/m EN15721

    Methanol %m/m EN15721 D5501

    Water %m/m EN15489 E203 K8101

    Density kg/m3 D4052 ABNT/NBR5992

    Electricalconductivity S/m D1125 K0130ABNT/NBR

    10547

    Inorganicchloride mg/lEN15484or

    EN154925

    D7319

    D7328

    ABNT/NBR

    10894/10895

    Sulfate mg/kg EN15492

    D7318

    D7319

    D7328

    ABNT/NBR

    10894/12120

    Coppermg/kg

    (ppm)EN15488

    D1688

    modified,

    MethodA

    K0101ABNT/NBR

    10893

    Organicimpuritiesmg/l

    (or%m/m)JAAS0016.4

    Phosphorus mg/l EN15487 D3231

    Sulfurmg/kgor

    ppmEN15486

    6

    D5453

    (

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    Ten organizations and individuals submitted comments on the proposed first edition of Ethanol

    Guidelines from the Worldwide Fuel Charter (WWFC) Committee. All comments were carefully

    reviewedforappropriateaction. Forbrevity, the followingdiscussionhasbeenorganizedbyconcept

    rather than repeatedly responding to similar comments. Several helpful editorial and technical

    correctionswereadoptedbutarenotdescribed inthisdocument. Forreasonsofconfidentiality, the

    individual commenters are not identified. As with the WWFC, the Ethanol Guidelines represent

    recommendations for a globalmarket, and as such,will differ from the standards of any particular

    countryorlocation.

    GeneralCommentsontheEthanolGuidelines

    Comment: Some countries are allowing E10+ and properties wont change much, so the

    Guidelinesshouldallowsomeflexibility.

    Response: TheGuidelinesare intendedfortheuseofethanolasablendingcomponentwith

    gasolineatratesupto10%byvolume,only. Higherconcentrationswouldrequire

    significantadditionalevaluationtodeterminewhethertheyareappropriateforuse

    inenginesandvehiclesnotoriginallydesignedforsuchfuels.

    Comment: Ethanolisnottheonlybiofuelavailableforblendingwithgasoline. TheGuidelines

    should add information about ether biooxygenates (e.g., ETBE, TAEE). Ethanol

    qualityisalsoimportantinproducingetherblendstocks.

    Response: Whileotherrenewablefuelsarebeingdeveloped,ethanolasablendingcomponent

    for gasoline is being produced and distributed worldwide today in significant

    quantities. TheCommitteedecidedtomakeethanolthefocusoftheseGuidelines.

    Comment: TheGuidelinesaremorerestrictivethanstandards in3mainmarkets(US,EUand

    Brazil),sotheywouldbedifficulttoimplement.

    Response: TheGuidelinesare intended toprovide information regardingallparameters that

    areinvolvedindefiningaqualityblendstock. Allparametersmaynotbeapplicable

    to a specific region, but ifmet in total, theywould facilitateworldwide ethanol

    distribution.

    Comment: ASTMD4806andD5798provideadequateguidanceonethanolblendstockquality.

    Guidelinesarenotneeded.

    Response: TheCommitteedisagrees. Manyproperties importanttotheoperationofcurrent

    hightechnologyenginesandvehiclesystemsarenotincludedinthecurrentASTM

    standards.

    Comment: IntheU.S.,apurityof99.2%isunachievableduetodenaturantrequirement(1.96%

    5.0%).

    Response: TheGuidelinesapplytoE100,i.e.,beforedenaturantsareadded.

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    2

    Comment: The Guidelines should not limit anhydrous saturated C3C5 alcohols to max 2%

    becausehigheralcoholsmaybemore compatiblewithvehiclesand less costly to

    produce.

    Response: Thisisguidanceforethanol,notforallalcohols.

    Comment: Manyattripartitethinka0.3%waterlimitistoorestrictive. Californiauses0.6%as

    thelimitfor5.7%ethanolblends. Nophaseseparationhasbeenreporteddownto

    15C. Suchalowlimitwouldrestrictproductavailabilityandincreasecost;itmay

    alsorequiredriersontanks.

    Response: Strict water content limits are important to assure acceptable fuel quality at all

    ambient conditions. Also, careful shipping and handling practices should be

    monitoredtoprotectagainstpickingupadditionalwaterintransit.

    Comment: Severalcommentersraisedquestionsregardingaconductivitylimitandtheneedfor

    additionallimitsoncertainmetallicions.

    Response: The Committee believes that themax limit for electrical conductive species as a

    wholeisneeded. Inaddition,limitsforsomecorrosiveionsaredefined.

    Comment: Variouscommentsrelatedtotheinclusionofasulfaterequirement.

    Response: The Committee believes blenders should check sulfate in the ethanol blendstock

    prior to blending with gasoline, since the primary source of sulfate in gasoline

    ethanolblendsisfromethanolproductionprocesses.

    Comment: Severalcommentersraisedquestionsregardingtheneedtomonitorheavymetals.

    Response: Heavy metals have a severe and significant adverse effect on aftertreatmentsystemsand theirperformance.TheGuidelineshighlight thisfacttohelpblenders

    and others understandwhy heavymetals should not be allowed to entermotor

    vehiclefuels.

    Comment: CONCAWEhaspublishedguidelinesregardinghousekeeping.

    Response: The Committee agrees this is a useful document and has included it in the

    Guidelinesasareference.

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