Drought Management in Tunisia...Tunis-Carthage Sfax Le Kef Tozeur Temperature (1961/2000) Rainfall...

Drought Management in Tunisia

Dr. Issam Nouiri, INAT

Dr. Slah Nasri, BPEH

Ing. Mohamed Tahrani, MDCI

National Capacity Development Training of Trainers (TOTs) Workshop on Developing and

Implementing Mitigation and Preparedness Water Scarcity and Drought (WS&D)

Management Plans

Zaragoza ‐ Madrid, Spain, May 6‐9, 2014

Outline

• Objective and methodology,

•• Climate,

• Water resources,

• Drought Management :• Tools,

• Institutional aspect,

• Legal aspect,

• Drought Management.

• Examples.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

• Objective:

– Draw the most realistic image of the drought

management in Tunisian.

• Methodology: Use of available documents:

– Published technical and scientific papers,

– Presentations made in conferences by officials.

CLIMATE

� Annual rainfall: 250 mm (100 -1500 mm)

� Runoff is only 12 % of the rainfall(0 -700 mm)

� Potential Evapotranspiration(1000-3000 mm)

� The North of Tunisian Dorsal: a Mediterranean climate

� The Centre and the Golf of Gabes: a semi-arid climate

� The rest of the country: a dry desert climate.

Climate of Tunisia

Tunis-Carthage

Le Kef

Tozeur

Temperature (1961/2000)

Rainfall (1901/2000)

Tunis-Carthage

Kairouan

Tabarka

WATER RESOURCES

Surface water

37 Dams

1- Irrigation and domestic uses

2- Groundwater Recharge

3- Infrastructure protection

Hill‐Reservoirs : Water

Harvesting System

• North : 2190 M m3/year 81%

• Center : 320 M m3/year 12%

• South : 190 M m3/year 7%

12%7% Nord

Centre

2.7 Milliard m3/year

Groundwater resources

2.14 Milliard m3/year

Surface water

2700 Mm3/year (56%)Groundwater

2140 Mm3/year (44%)

Water resources in Tunisia

Water balance (x109 m3)

Rainfall36

Evapotranspiration31,43

Available resources

Runoff2,70

Groundwater recharge

Mobilized Resources

1,781,69

Tourisme Industrie Agriculture Domestique

Water uses

Water dotation : 461 m3/cap/year (2009)

315 m3/cap/year (2030)

« Usage rétrospectif et prospectif de l’indice de pression démographiquesur les ressources en Eau – Tunisie – Zahar, 2001 »

Water ressources per capita (m 3/cap.)

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Big dams construction

Use of treated water

Water saving projects in irrigation

Non conventionnal water use

DROUGHT MANAGEMENT

ARIANA

BEJA BEN AROUS

MEDNINE

KEBILI

GABESTOZEUR

SIDI BOUZID

KASSERINE

KAIROUAN

MAHDIA

MONASTIR SOUSSE

NABEUL

LE KEF

SILIANA

JENDOUBA

ZAGHOUAN

TUNISMANOUBA

BIZERTE

TATAOUINE

KERKENAH

� 100 years.� 850 measurement stations.� 100 pluviographs (IDF).� Statistics documents from 1969.� Daily and monthly bulletins.� Databases: Pluviom, Hydrom, Access, “système de gestion des ressources en eau : Sygreau” .

Rainfall measurement network

Flow measurement network

� 60 stations� 74 measurement points� Statistics documents from 1974-75� Transmission mode:

In 2005 : Cell phone network for the Medjerda river basin.

Linked dams (natural and artificial channels and pipes)

1758 to 1900 : 4 droughts8 io After 1900 : 20 droughts tions

1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Années

Indice de pluviosité

Tunis Manoubia Kairouan Mednine

Drought indice

The percentage of precipitation deviation from the mean

historically established values.

Precipitation quantities are ranged between 70 to 50% : Drought

less than 50%: Severe drought

Institutional aspect

Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport

Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture

Universités,

RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD

Météo

A/GRA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages

PrivésGDA

Climatology

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

PrivésGDA

Surface water

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

PrivésGDA

Groundwater

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages

PrivésGDA

Water Use

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

PrivésGDA

Drinking Water

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

PrivésGDA

Transferts

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE

Météo

PrivésGDA

Aménagements

antiérosifs

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

DG Forêt

Universités,

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

Météo

PrivésGDA

Qualité des eaux

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

Legal aspect

Water code,

Chapter 6 is devoted to water management, especially the water

saving sensitive measures. The water use should be justified by

socio-economic profitability and environmental sustainability.

The Minister of Agriculture promulgates several decisions related to

the different drought committees,

The Tunisian Central Bank delivers a circumstance circular

establishing easiness in the credits delivery for farmers,

Special decisions are taken in order to exempt the importation from

the custom duties.

Drought management

(i) Drought announcement:

Referring to rainfall, hydrologic and agricultural indicators as

observed in the different regions affected by drought and

transmitted by the agricultural, economic, and hydrologic districts of

MAERH, a drought announcement is established.

The MAERH Minister proposes a scheduled operations plan to the

National Commission, which is composed by decision makers and

beneficiaries.

The National Commission : supervises the execution of all the

operation actions, with the regional and specialized committees.

The drought commissions:

� The Drought National Commission: supervision of the

execution of all the operation actions:

(i) before – drought preparedness;

(ii) during – drought management;

(iii) after – subsequent drought management.

� The Drought Regional Commissions (24)

� The Drought Specialized Commissions (4):

(i) Water Resources Management Committee

(ii) Livestock Safeguard Committee.

(iii) Cereal Sector Management Committee.

(iv) Arboriculture Sector Committee.

A/ Drought preparedness

(i) The climatic and hydrologic data are analyzed in order to

predict the hydro climatic situation.

(ii) A water management program is established..

(iii) Equipment of water points for domestic use when the drought

has set in.

(iv) Contributing within the National Program of Water Saving by a

growing public awareness on the drought event.

Drought management steps

B/ Drought management

(i) Identification of affected regions.

(ii) Evaluation of dams, water reserves and fitting a management plan

regarding the available water.

(iii) Enhancing of the irrigated cereal program.

(iv) Encouragement of the cereal complementary irrigation, especially in

the seed production areas.

(v) Evaluation of animal nutrition stocks and prevision of the eventual

importation.

(vi) Supply the drought damaged regions by barley and other forage

products.

(vii) Prevision of priority products importation.

Alerte

OctobreNovembre

Note de conjoncture

MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE

Météo (précipitationtempérature, anticyclones des Acores)

Services hydrologiques

Services des réservoirs et Barrages (débits entrants et Stockage)

Services de l’Agriculture (circonstances de la production)

Services régionaux

DGBGTH

CRDASECHERESSE

Septembre-Octobre

BILANPrévention de la premièreAnnée de la Sécheresse

Tous les opérateurs

Commission RégionaleContre la Sécheresse

COMMISSION NATIONALECONTRE LA SECHERESSE

Commission SpécialiséeContre la Sècheresse

C/ Subsequent drought

(i) Intensification of the extension program related to the soil tillage and farming

practices.

(ii) Establishing a scheme of delaying the credit payment,

(iii) Programming the distribution of cereal and forage seeds.

(iv) Evaluation of the available water resources (dams and aquifers).

(v) Reconstitution of the aquifers water reserves.

(vi) Evaluation of the mitigation program efficiency and estimation of their cost.

(vii) Updating the drought mitigation program with reference to the identified

deficiency.

(viii) Associate the research institutes and universities in the development of

research program related to drought mitigation.

Examples

1993‐1994

The drinking water supply (for domestic, tourist and industrial use as well) has

been ensured without any restriction during the successive years 1992-1993,

1993-1994 and 1994-1995.

The agricultural water demand was satisfied during 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. A

restriction plan was prepared for 1994-1995 (19 – 27 %). This plan was applied in

March 1995 and updated in July 1995 regarding the water resources situation

which was improved by the exceptional rainfall of June 1995 (in Mellègue).

1999‐2002

Summary• Tunisia faces drought events, that will be more frequent as

forecasted by climate change models,

• Strength :

– Tools infrastructure (data monitoring and collection)

– Institutional platform (involved institutions).

• Future improvements needed:

– Definition of comment indicators and indices,

– Elaboration of a legal manual to use when drought is declared.

– Optimize the Information Sharing and processing,

– Use of modelling and optimizing tools to take decision.

WEAP Models

Mellegue

Reservoir Storage Observed VolumeScenario: Reference, All days (365)

01/01/

11/02/

26/03/

09/05/

22/06/

04/08/

17/09/

31/10/

13/12/

26/01/

11/03/

23/04/

06/06/

20/07/

01/09/

15/10/

28/11/

10/01/

23/02/

08/04/

22/05/

04/07/

17/08/

30/09/

12/11/

26/12/

08/02/

23/03/

06/05/

19/06/

01/08/

14/09/

28/10/

10/12/

08/05/2014 48

��راMerci

Thank You

Danke schön

Thank you

Drought Management in Tunisia...Tunis-Carthage Sfax Le Kef Tozeur Temperature (1961/2000) Rainfall...

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