Drought Management in Tunisia...Tunis-Carthage Sfax Le Kef Tozeur Temperature (1961/2000) Rainfall (1901/2000) Tunis-Carthage Kairouan Tabarka Gafsa WATER RESOURCES 10 Surface water

Drought Management in Tunisia

Dr. Issam Nouiri, INAT

Dr. Slah Nasri, BPEH

Ing. Mohamed Tahrani, MDCI

National Capacity Development Training of Trainers (TOTs) Workshop on Developing and

Implementing Mitigation and Preparedness Water Scarcity and Drought (WS&D)

Management Plans

Zaragoza ‐ Madrid, Spain, May 6‐9, 2014

Outline

• Objective and methodology,

•• Climate,

• Water resources,

• Drought Management :• Tools,

• Institutional aspect,

• Legal aspect,

• Drought Management.

• Examples.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

• Objective:

– Draw the most realistic image of the drought

management in Tunisian.

• Methodology: Use of available documents:

– Published technical and scientific papers,

– Presentations made in conferences by officials.

CLIMATE

6

� Annual rainfall: 250 mm (100 -1500 mm)

� Runoff is only 12 % of the rainfall(0 -700 mm)

� Potential Evapotranspiration(1000-3000 mm)

� The North of Tunisian Dorsal: a Mediterranean climate

� The Centre and the Golf of Gabes: a semi-arid climate

� The rest of the country: a dry desert climate.

Climate of Tunisia

Tunis-Carthage

Sfax

Le Kef

Tozeur

Temperature (1961/2000)

Rainfall (1901/2000)

Tunis-Carthage

Kairouan

Tabarka

Gafsa

WATER RESOURCES

10

Surface water

37 Dams

1- Irrigation and domestic uses

2- Groundwater Recharge

3- Infrastructure protection

Hill‐Reservoirs : Water

Harvesting System

(850)

• North : 2190 M m3/year 81%

• Center : 320 M m3/year 12%

• South : 190 M m3/year 7%

81%

12%7% Nord

Centre

Sud

2.7 Milliard m3/year

13

Groundwater resources

2.14 Milliard m3/year

Surface water

2700 Mm3/year (56%)Groundwater

2140 Mm3/year (44%)

Water resources in Tunisia

Water balance (x109 m3)

Rainfall36

Evapotranspiration31,43

Available resources

4,57

Runoff2,70

Groundwater recharge

1,87

Mobilized Resources

1,781,69

1% 5%

83%

11%

Tourisme Industrie Agriculture Domestique

Water uses

Water dotation : 461 m3/cap/year (2009)

315 m3/cap/year (2030)

« Usage rétrospectif et prospectif de l’indice de pression démographiquesur les ressources en Eau – Tunisie – Zahar, 2001 »

Water ressources per capita (m 3/cap.)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Big dams construction

Use of treated water

Water saving projects in irrigation

Non conventionnal water use

DROUGHT MANAGEMENT

Tools

ARIANA

BEJA BEN AROUS

MEDNINE

KEBILI

GABESTOZEUR

GAFSA

SFAX

SIDI BOUZID

KASSERINE

KAIROUAN

MAHDIA

MONASTIR SOUSSE

NABEUL

LE KEF

SILIANA

JENDOUBA

ZAGHOUAN

TUNISMANOUBA

BIZERTE

TATAOUINE

KERKENAH

JERBA

� 100 years.� 850 measurement stations.� 100 pluviographs (IDF).� Statistics documents from 1969.� Daily and monthly bulletins.� Databases: Pluviom, Hydrom, Access, “système de gestion des ressources en eau : Sygreau” .

Rainfall measurement network

Flow measurement network

� 60 stations� 74 measurement points� Statistics documents from 1974-75� Transmission mode:

In 2005 : Cell phone network for the Medjerda river basin.

Linked dams (natural and artificial channels and pipes)

1758 to 1900 : 4 droughts8 io After 1900 : 20 droughts tions

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Cum

ul d

es é

cart

s

Années

Indice de pluviosité

Tunis Manoubia Kairouan Mednine

Drought indice

The percentage of precipitation deviation from the mean

historically established values.

Precipitation quantities are ranged between 70 to 50% : Drought

less than 50%: Severe drought

Institutional aspect

Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport

GIRE

Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture

Universités,

RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement

DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA

DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD

Météo

CRDA

HER

A/GRA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages

SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Climatology

ONAS


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Surface water

ONAS


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Groundwater

ONAS


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER

A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages

SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Water Use

ONAS

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

OTD


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Drinking Water

ONAS

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

OTD


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Transferts

ONAS

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

OTD


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA

DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE

Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Aménagements

antiérosifs

ONAS

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

OTD

DG Forêt


GIRE


Universités,


DGEQV ANPEBEPH

IRESA


Météo

CRDA

HER


SMVDA

PrivésGDA

Na

tio

na

lR

ég

ion

al

Loca

l

Qualité des eaux

ONAS

A/GR A/SA

DGEDA DGPA

OTD

Legal aspect

Water code,

Chapter 6 is devoted to water management, especially the water

saving sensitive measures. The water use should be justified by

socio-economic profitability and environmental sustainability.

The Minister of Agriculture promulgates several decisions related to

the different drought committees,

The Tunisian Central Bank delivers a circumstance circular

establishing easiness in the credits delivery for farmers,

Special decisions are taken in order to exempt the importation from

the custom duties.

Drought management

(i) Drought announcement:

Referring to rainfall, hydrologic and agricultural indicators as

observed in the different regions affected by drought and

transmitted by the agricultural, economic, and hydrologic districts of

MAERH, a drought announcement is established.

The MAERH Minister proposes a scheduled operations plan to the

National Commission, which is composed by decision makers and

beneficiaries.

The National Commission : supervises the execution of all the

operation actions, with the regional and specialized committees.

The drought commissions:

� The Drought National Commission: supervision of the

execution of all the operation actions:

(i) before – drought preparedness;

(ii) during – drought management;

(iii) after – subsequent drought management.

� The Drought Regional Commissions (24)

� The Drought Specialized Commissions (4):

(i) Water Resources Management Committee

(ii) Livestock Safeguard Committee.

(iii) Cereal Sector Management Committee.

(iv) Arboriculture Sector Committee.

A/ Drought preparedness

(i) The climatic and hydrologic data are analyzed in order to

predict the hydro climatic situation.

(ii) A water management program is established..

(iii) Equipment of water points for domestic use when the drought

has set in.

(iv) Contributing within the National Program of Water Saving by a

growing public awareness on the drought event.

Drought management steps

B/ Drought management

(i) Identification of affected regions.

(ii) Evaluation of dams, water reserves and fitting a management plan

regarding the available water.

(iii) Enhancing of the irrigated cereal program.

(iv) Encouragement of the cereal complementary irrigation, especially in

the seed production areas.

(v) Evaluation of animal nutrition stocks and prevision of the eventual

importation.

(vi) Supply the drought damaged regions by barley and other forage

products.

(vii) Prevision of priority products importation.

40

Alerte

OctobreNovembre

Note de conjoncture

MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE

Météo (précipitationtempérature, anticyclones des Acores)

Services hydrologiques

Services des réservoirs et Barrages (débits entrants et Stockage)

Services de l’Agriculture (circonstances de la production)

Services régionaux

INM

DGRE

DGBGTH

DGPA

CRDASECHERESSE

Septembre-Octobre

BILANPrévention de la premièreAnnée de la Sécheresse

Tous les opérateurs

Exé

cutio

n de

laP

lani

ficat

ion

des

actio

ns

Exé

cutio

n de

la

Pla

nific

atio

n de

sac

tions

Commission RégionaleContre la Sécheresse

COMMISSION NATIONALECONTRE LA SECHERESSE

Commission SpécialiséeContre la Sècheresse

A1-

A2

C/ Subsequent drought

(i) Intensification of the extension program related to the soil tillage and farming

practices.

(ii) Establishing a scheme of delaying the credit payment,

(iii) Programming the distribution of cereal and forage seeds.

(iv) Evaluation of the available water resources (dams and aquifers).

(v) Reconstitution of the aquifers water reserves.

(vi) Evaluation of the mitigation program efficiency and estimation of their cost.

(vii) Updating the drought mitigation program with reference to the identified

deficiency.

(viii) Associate the research institutes and universities in the development of

research program related to drought mitigation.

Examples

1993‐1994

The drinking water supply (for domestic, tourist and industrial use as well) has

been ensured without any restriction during the successive years 1992-1993,

1993-1994 and 1994-1995.

The agricultural water demand was satisfied during 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. A

restriction plan was prepared for 1994-1995 (19 – 27 %). This plan was applied in

March 1995 and updated in July 1995 regarding the water resources situation

which was improved by the exceptional rainfall of June 1995 (in Mellègue).

1999‐2002

Summary• Tunisia faces drought events, that will be more frequent as

forecasted by climate change models,

• Strength :

– Tools infrastructure (data monitoring and collection)

– Institutional platform (involved institutions).

• Future improvements needed:

– Definition of comment indicators and indices,

– Elaboration of a legal manual to use when drought is declared.

– Optimize the Information Sharing and processing,

– Use of modelling and optimizing tools to take decision.

WEAP Models

Mellegue

Reservoir Storage Observed VolumeScenario: Reference, All days (365)

01/01/

2010

11/02/

2010

26/03/

2010

09/05/

2010

22/06/

2010

04/08/

2010

17/09/

2010

31/10/

2010

13/12/

2010

26/01/

2011

11/03/

2011

23/04/

2011

06/06/

2011

20/07/

2011

01/09/

2011

15/10/

2011

28/11/

2011

10/01/

2012

23/02/

2012

08/04/

2012

22/05/

2012

04/07/

2012

17/08/

2012

30/09/

2012

12/11/

2012

26/12/

2012

08/02/

2013

23/03/

2013

06/05/

2013

19/06/

2013

01/08/

2013

14/09/

2013

28/10/

2013

10/12/

2013

Milli

on

Cubic

Mete

r

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

08/05/2014 48

��راMerci

Thank You

Danke schön

Thank you

Documents

Drought Management in Tunisia...Tunis-Carthage Sfax Le Kef Tozeur Temperature (1961/2000) Rainfall (1901/2000) Tunis-Carthage Kairouan Tabarka Gafsa WATER RESOURCES 10 Surface water