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Designing and ConstructingQuieter Concrete Pavements
An Update of Pooled Fund TPF-5(139)
National Concrete ConsortiumFall 2010 MeetingSacramento, CA
Robert Otto Rasmussen, PhD, INCE, PE (TX)
CP Road Map
SurfaceCharacteristicsTrack
FHWA Every Day Counts
IntelligentConstruction
Systems
Bad
Good
Thou shalt have Texture...
be it small and negative!
What have we built?
Texture Testing: RoboTex 2.0Built around LMI-Selcom RoLine SensorLaser height sensor, inertial referencingGPS, DMI encoder, video log
ISO 13473
Noise Testing: OBSI
AASHTO TP 76
In 5 years, over 1500 unique textures testedTransverse Tining (incl. skewed and cross-tined)Longitudinal Tining (incl. sinusoidal)
Diamond GroundGrooved (longitudinal, transverse)
Drag (Burlap, Turf, Broom, Belt, Carpet)
Shot PeenedExposed AggregatePorous (Pervious) ConcreteMilled
HMA and Surface Treatments
Hundreds of miles in 20 States and 6 Countries
CP Tech Center Test Sections
There is a lot of:
VARIABILITYVariability from project to project, and
variability within a given project.
What we’ve learned
98 dBA98 dBAColoradoKansas
104 dBA101 dBANew YorkMinnesota
Diamond Grinding
100 dBA99 dBAGeorgiaIowa
108 dBAGeorgia
Trans. Tining
108 dBANorth Dakota
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
98 100 102 104 106 108 110A-weighted Overall OBSI Level, 60 mph, SRTT (dB ref 1 pW/m²)
Prob
abili
ty D
ensi
ty
Diamond Grinding
Drag
Longitudinal Tining
Transverse Tining
CP Tech Center OBSI Noise Catalog
What can we do with this
knowledge?
Note
A few States are looking for this NOW!Guidance is needed to fill in the missing details!
The tire-pavement noise shall not exceedX dBA when measured by Z procedure atD days after opening to traffic.
Warranty?This noise threshold shall not be exceeded after T years.
Guide Specifications for Quieter Pavements
A “how to” guide for designing and constructing quieter concrete pavementsAddresses all conventional concrete pavement texture typesSimple and practical guidance
Download from www.CPTechCenter.org
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Surface TextureAvoid (flatten) texture at intervals > 1 inchAvoid smooth (floated or polished) surfaces
Some fine texture (< 0.25 inch) requiredTexture should be negative
Point down (grooves), not up (fins)Texture should be oriented longitudinallyIf transverse, texture should be closely spaced and randomized
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Surface Texture
Grooves
Lands
Fins
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
ConcreteStrong and durable mortar
Mix optimized for placement, finishing, curingSiliceous sands for durability and frictionFor diamond grinding: hard, durable, and polish resistant coarse aggregate is idealFor tined and drag textures: adequate and consistent depth of mortar near the surface
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Concrete
Source: Guntert
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Paving EquipmentQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Paving EquipmentQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
JointsCan affect noise levels and annoyanceNarrow, single-cut joints preferred
Avoid widened (reservoir) cutsAvoid faulted joints
Design or retrofit adequate load transferAvoid protruding joint sealantAvoid spalled joints
Design, materials selection, and construction
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
JointsQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines
What can we do in the field?
Monitor Construction Operations
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
On-
Boa
rd S
ound
Inte
nsity
Lev
el (d
BA
)44
-ft. M
ovin
g Av
erag
eMonitor Construction Operations
Louder – 106 dBA
Quieter – 100 dBA
Louder – 111 dBA
Quieter – 103 dBA
Spatial Variability of OBSI Levels
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Distance (m)
A-w
eigh
ted
OBS
I Lev
el (d
B re
f 1 p
W/m
²), 0
.5 s
ec M
vngA
vg E2-D.Gnd. (pst-grnd.)
Monitor Construction Operations
Kansas 2-lift – Loudest CDG (102 dBA)
Kansas 2-lift – Loudest CDG (102 dBA)
Kansas 2-lift – Quietest CDG (98 dBA)
Kansas 2-lift – Quietest CDG (98 dBA)
Quieter – 103 dBA
Scale 1:1
Scale 10:1
Monitor Construction Operations
Louder – 111 dBA
Scale 1:1
Scale 10:1
Monitor Construction Operations
98
101
104
107
110
113
0 1 2 3 4 5
Maximum Texture Height (mm)
OB
SI L
evel
, 0.5
sec
sam
ple
(dB
A)
L.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DBurlap-StandardL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-NoPreTexL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-3/4"S-1/4"DBurlap-HeavyT.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DT.Tine-1/2"S-1/16"DT.Tine-1"S-1/8"DT.Tine-RandomS-1/8"DTurf-StandardDiamond GrindingTurf-HeavyL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D
Random T. Tine
1” T. Tine No pretexture
Drag
Predicting Noise from Texture
Source: NCHRP Report 634
Is this Predictable Noise ???!?
Predicting Noise from Texture
1:1 TrendlineR2 = 0.87StdErr = 0.9 dBA
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Measured Site Average OBSI Level (dBA)
Text
ure-
Pre
dict
ed S
ite A
vera
ge O
BS
I Lev
el (d
BA
)
Transverse TiningLongitudinal TiningDragDiamond Grinding
Transverse Tining OBSI = f (Ltx,160 , Ltx,25 , Rk,TR)Longitudinal Tining OBSI = f (Ltx,40)Diamond Grinding OBSI = f (Ltx,80+63+50+40 , SkewTR)Drag OBSI = f (Ltx,50+40 , SkewTR, Rk,TR)
• Ltx per ISO/CD 13473-4 (Draft) • Rk,TR(ansverse) per ISO 13565-2 • SkewTR(ansverse) per ASME B46.1
+/- 1 dBA
Predicting Noise from Texture
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 121 127 133 139 145 151 157 162 168 174 180 186 192 198
Distance (m)
Long
itudi
nal T
extu
re S
pect
rum
31.5
mm
Oct
ave
Ban
d (d
B re
f 1µm
RM
S)
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
A-w
td. O
BSI
Lev
el S
pect
rum
Σ 63
0-10
00 H
z 1/
3-O
ctav
e B
ands
(dB
ref 1
pW/m
²)
Texture LevelOBSI Level
Predicting Noise from Texture
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
8 14 20 26 32 38 44Distance (m)
Long
itudi
nal T
extu
re S
pect
rum
31.5
mm
Oct
ave
Ban
d (d
B re
f 1µm
RM
S)
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
A-w
td. O
BSI
Lev
el S
pect
rum
Σ 63
0-10
00 H
z 1/
3-O
ctav
e B
ands
(dB
ref 1
pW/m
²)
Texture LevelOBSI Level
Predicting Noise from Texture
MPD
L63
L4
TextureMachine
andPaver
Texture and VibrationFeedback
Monitor Construction OperationsAccelerometers
LMI-SelcomRoLineLine Laser
For more information, visit:
www.CP Tech Center.org
or
www.CP Road Map.org
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