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DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY
DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY
RATIONALE, COURSE STRUCTURE, SYLLABUS &
REGULATIONS FOR TWO YEARS’
M.TECH. IN EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS (EG) PROGRAMME
2012
2
RATIONALE
The department of Applied Geology is located within the triple junction of the Eurasian, Indian and the
Burmese plates which is structurally dynamic, rich in natural resources, (Some of these resources are
already proven and some are prognosticated) diverse in its demographic content, highly promising for
further exploration and utterly vulnerable for unmindful exploitation and plunder. Unless high quality
knowledge is cultivated by the indigenous institutions and the people with a faster pace, programmes of
developments cannot touch the projected heights. Geophysics forms the backbone of the tools for
exploration in the subsurface. Though geophysical exploration in the NE region of India has got a glorious
scientific history but the things were mostly under the helm of a colonial legacy that needs to be changed.
Keeping a watchful eye on the fast changing scenario of the world economy and the place of the states of
the NE India in this overall perspective, the presence of earth science in general and Exploration
geophysics in particular needs a strong footing and steady growth in the institutes of higher education so
that the frontier problems of the earth science related research works may attract curious and intelligent
students and they are encouraged to take up Geophysics as their passion and profession in more numbers.
From its very inception, the Department of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University had put its effort to
groom good geoscientists having expertise in oil, water and mineral resource exploration. This was done
for a considerable length of time by offering a three years’ M.Tech Course in Applied Geology that was
subsequently modified to a two years’ M.Sc. Course in Applied Geology. Introducing a post-M.Sc. two
years’ M.Tech. Course in Petroleum Geology in 2003, the department could extend its vision towards the
needs to focused studies and research in the field of oil exploration. Interestingly, the effort could draw
national attention from the students from Kashmir to Kerala. In extension to the same vision, the
department introduced Advanced Post Graduate Diploma in Petroleum Exploration Geophysics
(APGDPEG) of one (1) year duration in 2009. The response was good. Job opportunities opened up in the
form of Campus selection for the posts of Executives by the OIL and some of the leading private oil
companies. Subsequently, the department took a decision to upgrade and broad-base the existing Diploma
course to a Two Year M.Tech. Course in Exploration Geophysics in addition to the optional One Year
Advanced Post Graduate Diploma Course in its Departmental management Committee (DMC) meeting
held on 13.05.2011.
The basic objective behind offering Exploration Geophysics as an M.Tech Course is three fold. First, to
generate quality human resources in the ‘high skill’ segment of workers belonging to Exploration
Geophysics and increasing thereby the practical importance of higher education in nation building.
Secondly, introduction of more down-to-earth steps so that the academia-industry symbiosis becomes more
meaningful as well as useful. Initiation of building up a good infrastructure to conduct research in basin
analysis of the Assam & Assam Arakan area as a part of the principal thrust area of the department in the
field of ‘Tectonics and basin Evolution’ studies is the third objective. In conformity with these objectives,
the first semester of the course will be devoted to introduce the philosophy of scientific exploration in
general and exploration geophysics in particular. Additionally, Earth System Science approach with a solid
foundation of Structural Geology and Sedimentology will be there. The second semester will be devoted to
Seismology and Seismic methods of data acquisition, processing and interpretation. The third semester will
be devoted principally on subjects from different departments like Numerical Analysis and Computer
programming. Besides the regular field work, serious project works of six months’ duration having strictly
monitored periodic submission of progress reports related to exploration under the joint supervision of the
Department of Applied geology, Dibrugarh University and reputed organizations will be conducted.
3
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
SEMESTER-I
Course No.
Course L P Marks Se. Th. Pr.
Total
EG-101 Foundation for Geophysics 4 - 40 60 - 100
EG-102 Earth System Science 4
-
40 60 - 100
EG-103 Methods of Structural Geology and Tectonics
3 2 40 60 50 150
EG-104 Field Theory 4 40 60 100
EG-105 Geophysical Tools I: Gravity & Magnetic Methods
3 2 40 60 50 150
Total Marks for Semester-I= 600
SEMESTER-II
Course
No.
Course L P Marks
Se. Th. Pr.
Total
EG-201 Seismology 4 - 40 60 - 100
EG-202 Geophysical Tools II: Seismic
4 2 40 60 50 150
EG-203 Geophysical signal theory
& Data processing
4 40 60 100
EG-204 Geophysical Tools III:
Electrical and EM
Techniques
4 2 40 60 50 150
EG-205 Elective I 2 20 30 50
EG-206 Field visit 50
Total Marks for Semester-II= 600
4
SEMESTER-III
Course No.
Course L P Marks Se. Th. Pr.
Total
EG-301 Geophysical Tools IV: Well
logging & its applications
4 2 40 60 50 150
EG-302 Seismic stratigraphy and Basin
Analysis
4 2 40 60 50 150
EG-303 Numerical Analysis and
Computer programming
4 40 60 100
EG-304 Remote Sensing, Image
Processing and elements of GIS
4 2 40 60 50 150
EG-305 Elective II 2 20 30 50
Total Marks for Semester-III= 600
SEMESTER- IV
Project Work Total Marks=600
Cumulative Total Marks=2400
5
DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY, ASSAM
REGULATIONS FOR THE FOUR SEMESTER M.TECH. IN EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
PROGRAMME EFFECTIVE FROM AUGUST, 2012.
1. Name of the Programme and other nomenclature:
1.1 These Regulations will be called the Dibrugarh University Regulations for the M.Tech.
Programme in Exploration Geophysics, Dibrugarh University, 2012.
1.2 Definitions:
1.2.1. Semester: The word ‘Semester’ is used to mean a half yearly Programme or term of
studies.
1.2.2. In-Semester: The word “In-Semester” is used to refer to the continuous studies and
evaluations within the half yearly Programme.
1.2.3. End –Semester: The word “End-Semester” is used to refer to the terminal processes of
examinations and evaluations at the end of but within the half yearly programme.
1.2.4. Course: Each paper in the M.Tech. Programme is called a ‘Course’.
1.2.5. Grade Point marking: ‘Grade Point marking’ is a system of marking that is principally
aimed at highlighting the relative positions of a given set of students instead of
attempting to gauge the ‘Knowledge’(the structural framework of which is much more
complex than the earlier understanding) of a student that is done in the conventional
scheme of evaluation.
1.26. Grade Points: Grade Points are a means to restructure the positions of the candidates
subject to the perception of the course teacher on the degree of interactive pedagogy and
the median tendency of the class room performance that remains unaffected by the
absolute marks scored by the students.
1.2.7. Semester Grade Point Average (S.G.P.A.): Weighted average of the grade points scored
by candidates after every semester that takes into account In-semester and End-semester
performances.
1.2.8. Overall Grade Point Average (O.G.P.A.): Weighted average of all S.G.P.A., the final
score of the candidate after the completion of the score.
2. Programme Schedule:
2.1 The post-M.Sc. M.Tech. Programme in Exploration Geophysics will be of four
semesters’ duration. The total intake will be fifteen (15). The schedule for the Semesters
will be as follows:
First & Third Semester: August 1- January 31
(Including end-semester examinations)
Second & Fourth Semester: February 1- July 31
(Including end-semester examinations)
Fourth Semester: Project Work
2.2 The Academic Calendar and the Schedules for the semester system are given in
Annexure I. The syllabus is given in Annexure V.
2.3 First, Second and Third Semesters will consist of course works of at least 90 working
days imparting instructions for not less than four hours a day.
2.4 Fourth Semester will include a ‘project work’ and will require maximum interaction with
field study, laboratory based experimentation and library work. This is elaborated in
Annexure IV.
3. Eligibility
3.1 Candidates having M.Sc. degree in Applied Geology/Geology/Physics/Mathematics/
from any UGC recognized University securing at least 55% marks in aggregate and
6
having Mathematics as a core subject in the degree level. Candidates who have cleared
GATE/NET or both will get preference.
3.2 Relaxation in respect of S.C. and S.T. may be allowed as per provision made by the Govt.
of India and Govt. of Assam.
3.3 Based on the performance of the eligible candidates in the interview Board, a merit list of
the selected candidates will be published and candidates after payment of the prescribed
fee shall be admitted for the course.
3.4 To be eligible for appearing in the end-semester examinations, besides payment of the
prescribed fee a student must fulfil the criteria of maintaining minimum average
attendance of 85%. Candidates whose percentage of attendance fails below 75% shall not
be eligible to appear in the semester examinations under normal circumstances.
4. Evaluation The performance of the students shall be monitored throughout the semesters by continuous
assessment. Percentile system of marking based on credits & weightage of different subjects
emphasizing relative merits of the students as well as overall grasp and degree of participation
with the tools will be taken care of. Evaluation pattern of the students’ performance will be as
follows:
4.1 In-semester evaluation: 40% marks (i.e., sessional examinations, home assignments,
seminars etc.). The evaluation shall be based on two sessional examinations, home
assignments, seminars and viva-voce.
4.2 End-semester evaluation: 60% marks. The evaluation shall be through a final
examination at the end of each semester and the procedure to be followed is given in
Annexure III.
4.3 There will be no provision for “Repeat”/”betterment” in the End-semester examination in
general. If a student misses any paper in the End-semester examination for unavoidable
reasons, then the student concerned will seek advice from the competent authority.
4.4 Evaluation for the paper corresponding to the ‘Project Work’ will be different than other
papers. The procedure to be followed is given in Annexure IV.
4.5 Grade point system will be as following:
10(A++), 9(A+), 8(A), 7(B+), 6(B), 5(C), 4(D).
5. Pass/Fail criteria:
5.1 A student shall be required to secure at least S.G.P.A. of 6.0 (i.e., ‘B’) in the aggregate in
each semester and 5.0 (i.e., ‘C’) marks in each theory and practical paper individually in
order to pass a semester.
5.2 A student must secure pass marks in each paper (Theory & Practical) in the aggregate of
the In-Semester and End-Semester examinations taken together.
5.3 A student who fails to appear in a semester examination for valid reasons supported by
proof, or fails in the aggregate even though s/he passes in the individual papers, shall be
allowed to continue in the succeeding semester provided s/he fulfils the criteria under
article 6 of the Regulation.
5.4 The minimum O.G.P.A. required to successfully complete the programme will be 6.5
5.5 A student who fails to clear backlogs within a stipulated time limit mentioned in the
article 7 of the Regulation will automatically drop out of the system. There will not be
any declaration of ‘Fail’.
6. Criteria for clearing back log:
6.1 A student, who could not appear or has backlogs in semester examination, shall be
allowed to clear the same in two more chances- first back log clearance examination will
be held within one month of the corresponding End-semester examination and the second
backlog exam will be held during the next End-Semester examination.
6.2 Final result of the candidate will be withheld until all the backlogs are cleared.
7
7. Regulations for extra-ordinary circumstances:
7.1 A candidate will get two extra chances to clear backlogs (excluding the regular
examinations).
7.2 A student must pass all her/his semester examinations within 4 years from the date of
admission to the first semester course.
7.3 A student who discontinues the course due to some valid reasons will be allowed to join
with the next corresponding semester provided s/he has cleared at least the first semester
examination within the period of 2 years from the date of admission to the first semester
course.
7.4 If a student, under certain circumstances likes to discontinue the course after the
successful completion of two semesters, he will be eligible to get an ‘Advanced Post
Graduate Diploma in Exploration Geophysics’ (APGDEG) certificate. However, the
candidate has to explain the reasons and apply for the certificate to the competent
authority.
8. Other Regulations:
8.1 Since the semester system involves continuous assessment, there shall be no scope for a
student to appear as a private candidate in this system.
8.2 For any matter not covered under these Regulations for the semester system, the existing
University Rules, Ordinances and the Dibrugarh University Act, 1965 (as amended) shall
be applicable.
8.3 Any difficulty which may arise in the course of operating of the Regulations relating to
holding of the semester examinations shall be removed by the Examination Committee of
the University.
8.4 Provisions in the relevant existing Rules and Regulations of the University which are not
in conformity with these Regulations shall stand repealed to the extent of their
inconsistencies with these Regulations.
ANNEXURE-I
ACADEMIC CALENDAR AND SCHEDULE FOR THE SEMESTER SYSTEM
A. Last date of admission : 31st July
B. Semester-I & III classes : August 1- November 30
Sessional Examination 1 : First week of September
Sessional Examination 2 : First week of November
C. Semester Break : December 1- December 15
D. End-Semester examination: Third week of December
E. Announcement of Semester-I & III Results : Last week of January
F. Semester-II classes : February 1- May 31
Sessional Examination 1 : First week of March
Sessional Examination 2 : First week of May
G. Semester Break : June 1- June 15
H. End-Semester examination: Third week of June
I. Announcement of Semester-II Results: Last week of July
J. Topic allotment for Project work: First week of October
Project Progress Report submission Dates:
1. First Report submission and Presentation(Literature Review): 1st week of March
8
2. Second Report submission and Presentation(Data Collection & Processing):1st week of April
3. Third Report submission and Presentation(Preliminary Findings): 1st week of May
4. Final Report submission and Presentation: 4th week of June
Note: Under special circumstances like candidates doing their project work in association with some
companies outside the state, long journeys affecting the research work adversely etc., the second report
submission might be clubbed up with the third.
K. Announcement of Final Results : Last week of July
Note: The exact dates of the sessional examinations shall be fixed by the concerned teachers and those of
the end-semester examinations by the Controller of Examinations. The Controller of Examinations would
announce the results of the end-semester examinations.
ANNEXURE-II
PROCEDURE FOR IN-SEMESTER EVALUATION
1. The marks allotted for in-semester examination (40%) in each paper shall be based on the
following:
A. Semester Examination 1
B. Semester examination 2
C. Home assignments, Seminar presentation and Viva-voce
Home assignments may be given to the students at any time during the semester.
It is a part of the sessional examinations.
2. Each sessional examination will be of one hour duration and be conducted by the concerned
teacher (s) of each paper. The setting of question paper, invigilation duty, evaluation of answer
scripts for each paper shall be done by the concerned teacher(s). The teacher concerned shall fix
the date of sessional examination in each paper following the guidelines given in Annexure-I. The
students shall write the answers in proper University answer books.
3. After evaluation, the answer scripts should be shown to the students and corrections should be
made if necessary. After this the answer scripts should be collected back from the students. The
entire process of evaluation of a sessional examination should not take more than two weeks from
the date of examination.
4. There will be no provision for “Repeat”/”betterment” in the sessional examination. If a student
misses any sessional examination for unavoidable reasons, then the concerned teacher may allow
the student a separate examination at her/his own discretion
5. If a paper is taught by more than one teacher then the concerned teachers shall cooperate in
conducting the internal evaluation. Each sessional examination for a particular paper shall be of
one hour duration even if it is taught by more than one teacher.
6. At the end of the semester (preferably before the end-semester examinations begin) the concerned
teacher(s) shall submit the in-semester marks in proper mark sheets along with the answer scripts
to the HOD. The HOD will take necessary steps to scrutinize and tabulate the marks in the
prescribed format and send them to the Controller of Examinations along with the answer scripts
as early as possible.
ANNEXURE-III
PROCEDURE FOR END-SEMESTER EVALUATION
1. The Controller of Examinations shall make necessary arrangements for notifying the dates of the
end-semester examinations and other procedures as per Dibrugarh University Rules at least 20
days in advance.
2. A. Each paper shall have 60% of the total marks
9
B. The end-semester examination for each paper shall be of three hours’ duration.
C. Those papers which are having practicals, the distribution of marks will be 50% for Theory
and 25% for Practical of the total marks.
D. “Practicals” will be of four hours’ duration.
E. In general, each practical examination will be conducted by at least one Internal and one
External examiner. Internal examiner will be the teacher who teaches the particular subject.
External examiners should be preferably industrial personnels having vast work experience or
academic persons in the related field from different Universities.
F. Internal Examiner will be responsible for setting questions of the particular paper. Before
commencement of the examination s/he should show the question paper to the External Examiner
and ask for her/his suggestions. The External Examiner can moderate at least 20% of the question
paper if s/he desires so.
G. Viva-voce will constitute 20% marks of the practical paper. This will be conducted and
evaluated by the External Examiner.
H. If due to some reason, the External Examiner fails to report in time, the Practical Examination
will be conducted under the supervision of a board constituted of HOD, Internal & at least two
senior faculty members of allied subjects nominated by the University authority. Maximum effort
should be given to avoid postponement of examinations.
3. Setting of question papers, moderation of question papers, evaluation of answer scripts, scrutiny,
tabulation of marks etc. and announcement of results shall be governed by the Dibrugarh
University Examination Ordinance 1972 (as amended up to date)
4. For ‘Field Work’, the students are supposed to submit a brief ‘Field Report’ and face viva-voce
from a ‘Board of Examiners’ constituted internally within the department having at least three(3)
members with good amount of field experience.
ANNEXURE-IV
PROCEDURE FOR THE ‘PROJECT WORK’ EVALUATION
1. Students will choose their respective guides and topics for the project work by the First week of
February (i.e., beginning of Semester II). There will also be a co-guide from the industries. The
project works will preferably be collaborative in nature with oil & other industries dealing with
Exploration Geophysics.
2. Project work will consist of 600 marks.
3. Each of the Quarterly Report submission and Presentation will carry 100 marks. Thus for three
Quarterly Reports there will be 300 marks. For the Final Project Report submission and
evaluation, there will be 300 marks.
4. Project Reports will be sent to the External Examiner belonging to Universities other than
Dibrugarh University or industrial Experts. External will evaluate the work out of 100 marks.
Internal Examiner (The Project guide) will also evaluate the work out of 100 marks and the
remaining 100 marks will be for the seminar presentation and the viva-voce.
10
ANNEXURE-V
SYLLABUS FOR M.TECH IN EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
Semester I
EG-101: Foundation for Geophysics
Unit 1: Philosophy of exploration in science
The concerns of science, The objectives of scientific research, The problem of the
‘Empirical basis’, Scientific objectivity and subjective conviction, Causality, Explanation
and the deduction of predictions, Theoretical systems, Inductive logic and probability
logic, Verification and falsification, Discovery and justification, The Path of science
Unit 2: An introduction to Applied Mathematics
Summaries of basic concepts like Determinants, Vector analysis, Matrix analysis,
Complex numbers, Method of least squares, Finite differences and Partial fractions.
Fourier series and Fourier integral, Fourier Transforms, Laplace transforms, Linear
systems, Digital systems and z-transforms,
Unit 3: Elements of Geology
Minerals and Rocks, Igneous Rocks, Weathering and sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic
rocks, Volcanic eruptions, Earthquakes, Crustal deformation and Mountain building,
Earth History, Energy and Mineral resources, Mass wasting, Deserts, Surface water &
ground water, Coastal and marine geology, Glaciations and Ice ages, Global changes.
Unit 4: An introduction to Exploration Geophysics
The questions frequently faced by the geophysicists, the nature of geophysical problems,
Fields of Exploration Geophysics: Regional geophysics, Oil and gas geophysics, Ore
geophysics, Ground water geophysics, Engineering geophysics, Borehole Geophysics
and Reservoir geophysics
Unit 5: Elements of Surveying
Objective of surveying and its importance, Classification, principles of surveying,
Application of surveying in geophysical exploration, mapping techniques, contouring,
Different types of contouring, Theory, principles and applications of Global Positioning
System (GPS), Simple uses of a GPS tool.
EG-102: Earth System Science
Unit 1: Framework of Earth System Science.
A brief introduction to different spheres; primary causal mechanisms located in
individual spheres and their influence on different spheres, Climate forcing, Climate
system responses, Feedbacks in the climate system, Climate archives, Data, and models.
Unit 2: Scales of climate change.
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Gaia hypothesis; Greenhouse earth, Icehouse earth, BLAG hypothesis, Monsoon
circulation, Insolation control of ice sheets, Milankovitch Theory, Orbital scale changes
in Carbon dioxide and Methane, The Last Glacial Maximum, Millenial oscillations in
climate, Historical and future climate changes.
Unit 3: Climate and sedimentary processes.
External controls on sediment derivation, transport and deposition, Changing sea level
and sedimentary sequences, Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields.
Unit 4: Continental sediments
Sediment deposition, environments and facies in continental environments
Unit 5: Oceanic sediments
Sediment deposition, environments and facies in marine environments
EG-103: Methods of Structural Geology & Tectonics
Unit 1: Mesoscopic structures and methods of their analysis
Description of folds, shear zones, faults and fault zones, foliations, lineations, & Veins.
Characteristics, style, age analysis and interpretation of Joints. Fault and lineament –array
analysis. Fold styles and section lines, construction of profiles for plunging and non
plunging folds.
Unit 2: Cross section balancing
Terminology of fold & thrust belt, concept of balanced cross sections, drawing a
deformed cross section- restoring the cross section, Depth-to-Detachment and regional
shortening calculations, applications of balanced cross sections.
Unit 3:Quantitative surface and subsurface map interpretation
Building structure contour maps from profiles, fold trend and recognition of cylindrical
and conical folds on a tangent diagram, faults- calculations of heave and throw from
stratigraphic separation, basic concepts required to build 3-D structural interpretation,
fault cutoff maps & Allan diagrams.
Unit 4: Tectonic Geomorphology
Geomorphic indices of active tectonics, Active tectonics and rivers, Short-term
deformation and geodesy, Paleoseismology, rates of erosion and uplift, tectonic activities
and mountain fronts, Fault scarps, Holocene deformation and landscape responses
Unit 5: Global Tectonics
The framework of plate tectonics (Plates and plate margins, Distribution of earthquakes,
Direct measurement of relative plate motions, Triple junctions), measurement of relative
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plate motion, Plate tectonics and economic geology (Autochthonous and allochthonous
deposits, Deposits of sedimentary basins, Deposits related to climates).
EG-104: Field Theory
Unit 1: Introduction
Field concept, The coordinate systems, Scalar and Vector fields, Differential elements of
length, surface and volume, Line , surface and volume integrals, The gradient of a scalar
function, Divergence of a vector field, The Laplacian operator, Some fundamental
theorems and field classifications, Vector identities
Unit 2: Static fields
Laws and concepts associated with electrostatics (Coulomb’s law, Electric field intensity,
Electric flux and electric flux density, The electrical potential, Electric dipole, materials
in an electric field, Energy stored in an electric field, Boundary conditions, Capacitors
and capacitance, Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations, Method of images), Laws and
concepts associated with magnetostatics (Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s force law, Magnetic
torque, Magnetic flux and Gauss’s law for magnetic fields, Magnetic vector potential,
magnetic field intensity and Ampere’s circuital law, Boundary conditions for magnetic
fields, Magnetic circuits)
Unit 3: Steady electric currents and time varying electromagnetic fields
Nature of current and current density, the equation of continuity, Boundary conditions for
current density, the electromotive force, Faraday’s law of induction, self-inductance,
mutual inductance, inductance of coupled coils, energy in a magnetic field, Maxwell’s
equations and boundary conditions, time harmonic fields, applications of electromagnetic
fields
Unit 4: Plane wave propagation
General wave equations, Plane wave in a dielectric medium, plane wave in free space,
plane wave in a conducting medium, plane wave in a good conductor, plane wave in a
good dielectric, polarization of a wave, normal incidence of uniform plane waves,
oblique incidence on a plane boundary
Unit 5: Analysis of electromagnetic fields
Finite-difference method, Finite-element method, Method of moments etc.
EG-105: Geophysical Tools I: Gravity & Magnetic Methods
Unit 1: Gravity Methods
The Earth’s gravitational field and its relation to gravity exploration , Gravitational
effects over subsurface bodies having discrete shapes, Instruments for measuring gravity
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on land, at sea and into the boreholes, Gravity measurements on land, at sea and airborne
gravity surveys.
Unit 2: Magnetic Prospecting
Magnetism of the earth, Magnetic susceptibility of rocks, Magnetic effects from buried
magnetic bodies, Instruments used for magnetic measurements, Magnetic surveys on
land, Marine and airborne magnetic data collection
Unit 3: Gravity data processing and interpretation
Reductions of gravity data and interpretation of Bouguer anomaly maps, analytic
methods for separation of regional and residuals; ambiguity in gravity interpretation and
conditions for unique interpretation; upward and downward continuations of gravity
anomalies; calculation of second vertical derivatives and horizontal gravity gradients,
utility of such maps; gravity effects due to 2D and 3D bodies having irregular shape;
Methods for basement mapping; use of gravity survey in mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration programs, search for metallic and nonmetallic ores, coal and lignite; mapping
faults, exploration for salt domes, stratigraphic traps, uplifted horst and graben, use of
gravity in regional geological studies including granitic plutons, thrust belts, case
histories.
Unit 4: Magnetic data processing and interpretation
Reduction of magnetic data, preparation and interpretation of anomaly maps,
Interpretation of aeromagnetic maps, Werner and Euler Deconvolution, analytical signal,
Source parameter imaging, 2D and 3D modeling, spectral analysis for depth
determination, utility of aeromagnetic maps in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration
programs and regional studies, case histories.
Unit 5: New Frontiers- Gravity Gradiometry
The Gravity Tensor, Principles of gravity gradiometry, interpreting tensor components,
airborne gravity gradiometry, imaging techniques for Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometry
(FTGG) data, gravity gradiometer survey error, advantages of gravity gradiometry,
detectability of mineral deposits with airborne gravity gradiometry, gravity gradiometry
in oil exploration, case histories.
14
Semester-II
EG-201: Seismology
Unit 1: Introduction
Earthquake and its effects, Various magnitude scales and their limitations, Intensity
scales, Earthquake frequency, Energy released in an earthquake, impacts and
assessments of earthquakes, causes of intra and inter plate earthquakes, classification of
earthquakes, Determination of earthquake parameters, Seismicity and seismotectonics of
India and Himalayas.
Unit 2: Elasticity theory and seismic waves
Elastic, anelastic and plastic behavior of materials, the stress matrix, the strain matrix, the
elastic constants, generalized Hooke’s law, different types of elastic waves and their
propagation characteristics, equations of motion of seismic body waves, Attenuation and
dispersion of seismic waves, free oscillations of the earth.
Unit 3: Instruments
Amplitude and phase characteristics of seismometers, shortperiod, longperiod and broad
band seismometers, analysis of seismograms and identification of various phases on the
seismograms, basic principle of strong motion instrument.
Unit 4: Seismology and earth’s interior
Ray characteristics and related parameters for horizontally and spherically stratified
earth, basic principles of seismic tomography and receiver function analysis, location of
the epicenter of an earthquake, global seismicity, elastic rebound theory, faultplane
solutions and related interpretation, reflections and refractions in the earth’s interior,
models of the earth’s internal structure.
Unit 5: Earthquake monitoring and prediction
Seismic networks and arrays, standalone and telemetry systems, study of
microearthquakes and induced seismicity, Earthquake prediction: Dilatancy theory,
shortterm, middleterm and long term prediction.
EG-202: Geophysical Tools II: Seismic
Unit 1: Seismic Methods-Fundamental theories
Types of seismic waves, Attenuation, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of elastic
waves, Effects of the medium on wave propagation, Partitioning of energy at an interface,
Geometry of seismic wave paths for several horizontal and dipping beds, Distinguishing
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features of seismic events, Events other than primary reflections, Characteristics of
reflections, Types of seismic noise and their attenuation.
Unit2: Seismic Refraction Data Acquisition
In-line reversed refraction profiling, Broadside refraction and fan shooting’ Engineering
applications of refraction methods, Dam site surveys, Refractions for studying the Earth’s
interior.
Unit 3: Land Seismic Reflection Data Acquisition
Field Layouts: Split-dip and common-depth-point recording, Spread types, Arrays, Noise
analysis, selection of field parameters, Uphole surveys, Crooked line and 3-D methods
Equipment for land surveys: Surface energy sources, Geophones, Amplifiers, Analog
data recording, Digital recording
Unit 4: Marine Seismic Reflection Data Acquisition
Marine equipment and methods: Marine operations, Bubble effect, Marine energy
sources, Marine detectors, Marine positioning
Unit 5: Other upcoming techniques of Seismic Data Acquisition
Multi-component seismic data acquisition, Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), Seismic
Tomography, 4-D Seismic, Passive Seismic Techniques
EG 203: Geophysical Signal Theory & Data Processing
Unit 1: Digital Signals
Classification of digital signals, Wavelets, Convolution, Properties of convolution,
Transfer function for a causal system, Transfer function for a non-causal system, Laplace
Transform and z-transform, The inverse z-transform.
Unit 2: Frequency Analysis
Frequency domain representation of Digital Signals and Systems, Fourier Transform for
Discrete Time Signals, Properties of the Fourier Transform, Minimum delay and
Minimum phase, All-Pass Systems
Unit 3: Deconvolution
The Autocorrelation and the Spectrum, The cross correlation, The Convolutional Model,
Signature Deconvolution, Deterministic Reverberation Deconvolution, Predictive
Deconvolution, Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis.
Unit 4: Optimum Linear Filtering and FK techniques
Least Squares Filtering, Linear Prediction, Spiking and Shaping Filters for Seismic Data,
Adaptive Filtering. The FK Transform, Aliasing, FK Transforms related to seismic data,
FK Filtering, FK Migration
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Unit 5: Data-Processing
Processes to improve signal-to-noise ratio, Processes to reposition data, Special
processing techniques, typical processing sequence and Interactive processing, Data
processing of 3-D data, 3-D Migration.
EG 204: Geophysical Tools III: Electrical & EM Techniques
Unit 1: Surveying natural potentials
Exploring shallow natural potentials, Telluric currents, Telluric current surveying,
Magneto telluric surveying, Cagniard’s relations for depth of penetration and resistivity
of the medium, Interpretation of MT data over a two layered earth, strike, rotation swift
strike, polar diagram, tipper, skew, ellipticity, TE and TM modes, continental lower crust,
MT study over cratons, Field examples.
Unit2: Electrical resistivity surveying
Current flow across a boundary, Measuring resistivity, Equipment for electrical resistivity
surveying, Sounding and profiling, Forward and Inverse methods of resistivity data
interpretation, Resistivity profiles over faults and dykes. Applications of linear filter
theory; determination of filter coefficients, sinc response filter length, Recurrence
relations: Flathe and Pekeris relations, determination of resistivity transforms, Potential
due to a point source in an anisotropic medium, triangle of anisotropy. Dar Zarrouk
parameters, principle of equivalence, Resistivity modeling
Unit 3: Induced polarization surveying
Source of induced potential, time domain and frequency domain measurements of IP,
chargeability, percent frequency effect and metal factors, Results of IP surveying, Field
examples.
Unit 4: Electromagnetic surveying
Principle of electromagnetic induction; magnetic field due to acurrent carrying loop,
elliptical polarization, plane of polarization, dip and tilt angles, nomograms for
quantitative determination of parameters by dip angle method, VLF and AFMAG
methods, TURAM method. Basic principles of transient electromagnetic methods, brief
account of various time domain systems, frequency sounding and geometric sounding,
merits of time domain methods over frequency domain methods.
Unit 5: Ground Penetrating Radar Methods
Basic similarity with seismic, antennas, pulse width and central frequency, time windows
and samples; reflection and transmission coefficients, Field procedure and interpretation:
monostatic and bistatic arrangements, profiling and stacking, reflection and diffraction,
distance determination, migration, depth of penetration and resolution, vertical and lateral
resolution. GPR applications: fracture mapping, structures in sand and moraines,
mapping ground water table.
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EG 205: Elective I (any one)
EG 205A: Hydrogeology & Ground water investigations
EG 205B: Economic Geology & Mineral Exploration
EG 205C: Principles of Stratigraphy
Semester III
EG-301: Geophysical Tools IV: Well Logging & its applications
Unit 1: Logging tools and field practices
Reservoir properties and Petrophysics of rock, Basic concept of log interpretation,
Permeable zone indication logs (Spontaneous Potential, Gamma ray, Spectral gamma ray
logs), Resistivity logs (Normal and lateral devices, Dual Laterolog-Micro spherically
focused tool, Dual induction-spherically focused logs), Porosity logs (Compensated
Neutron tool, Compensated Sonic tool, Litho-density tool), Miscellaneous tools
(CBL/VDL, Dipmeter log, Caliper, Repeat Formation Tester), Welsite computed logs(or,
Quick-look logs), Production logging tools, Perforation practices
Unit 2: Advanced logging tools
Tools offered by the MAXIS-500 Services & EXCELL-2000 Services like FMI (Full-
bore-formation Micro Imager), CHFR (Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool), CAST (
Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool), DSI( Dipole Sonic Imager), IPLT (Integrated
Porosity Lithology Tool), CMR (Combinable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tool);
Families of PEX( Platform Express Tools) & LWD (Logging while Drilling Tools) etc.
Unit 3: Formation evaluation
Various log response equations related to reservoir parameters of rocks, Borehole
environment correction and depth matching, Use of logs to identify permeable beds,
calculation of formation water resistivity, porosity, resistivity and water saturation of
flushed zones and Uninvaded zones, Differentiation of clean sands, shaly sands and
complex rocks with qualitative use of well logs.
Unit 4: Log correlation
Well log correlation techniques and their uses e.g., Preparation of synthetic seismogram
Unit 5: Electro Facies Analysis
Facies and depositional environments from logs, Identifying different surfaces (e.g.,
Sequence boundaries, Transgressive surfaces, Maximum flooding surfaces) and system
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tracts (Lowstand System Tract, Transgressive System Tract, Highstand System Tract)
Type1 and Type2 sequences
EG-302: Seismic Stratigraphy & Basin Analysis
Unit 1: A brief review on mapping reflecting horizons
Picking/grading of reflections, Checking of loop closures of isochronal maps, Study of
diffraction, Delineation of faults, Identification of multiples, reverberations, Identification
of unconformity, Study of migrated and unmigrated sections, Preparation of isochronal
/structural maps, Preparation of isopach maps.
Unit 2: Seismic facies, Sequence analysis and modeling
Types of reflection characteristics, Different concepts of marine onlap, Identification of
stratigraphic features like sand bodies, reefs, wedgeouts etc., Geologic sea level change
model, Reflections as constant time indicators, Picking seismic sequences, Picking of
Unconformities to separate seismic sequences, Mapping seismic sequences on three
dimensions, The modeling concept, The Convolutional model, Forward modeling
synthetic seismogram manufacture, Tie-up of seismic horizons with well data
Unit 3: Seismic attribute analysis and hydrocarbon indicators
Amplitude as an important discriminant, Velocity as a diagnostic, Measurement of
velocity, Resolution, Fresnel zone effects, Phase, frequency and polarity, Prediction of
sand shale ratio, Determination of porosity, Detection of abnormal pressure
Unit 4: Sequence Stratigraphy
The hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces, System Tracts and Sequence Boundaries,
The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems, The Sequence Stratigraphy
of Carbonate Depositional Systems.
Unit 5: Basin Analysis
Origin of basins, Basin classification, Habitats of major petroliferous belts and their
relationship with plate tectonics, Basin models and exploration strategies
EG-303: Numerical Analysis & Computer Programming
Unit 1: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations
Different methods like Bisection, Iteration, False Position. Newton-Raphson Method,
Muller’s Method, The Quotient-Difference Method, Solution of Systems of Nonlinear
Equations.
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Unit 2: Interpolation
Forward differences, Backward differences, Central differences; Detection of errors by
use of Difference tables; Differences of a polynomial; Gauss’s Central Difference
formulae, Stirling’s, Bessel’s, Everett’s formula; Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula,
Hermite’s Interpolation Formula; Newton’s General interpolation formula; Interpolation
by iteration; Method of successive approximations
Unit 3: Numerical solution of differential and integral equations
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (Solution by Taylor’s Series,
Picard’s Method of Successive Approximations, Euler’s Method, Runge-Kutta Methods,
Adams-Moulton Method, Milne’s Method), Numerical solution of partial differential
equations (Laplace’s equation, Jacobi’s Method, Gauss-Seidel Method, Iterative methods
for the solution of equations) , Numerical Solution of Integral equations (Finite difference
methods, A method of degenerate Kernels, Method of Invariant Imbedding, Method
using generalized quadrature)
Unit 4: Fundamental concepts related to Computer Programming
Architecture of digital computers, number systems, data representation, binary arithmetic,
Classification and overview of operating system modules; Introduction to UNIX and
LINUX operating systems, Window environment, algorithm and flowcharts
Unit 5: FORTRAN and C languages
FORTRAN: Control structures- selective and repetitive,, arrays, format statements;
subprogram functions, subroutines, DATA, SAVE, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE
statements; file processing; additional data types, logical, double precision and complex
types.
C: Introduction, constants, variables and data types, operators and expressions, I/O
operations, decision making and branching; decision making and looping; arrays,
structures and unions, user defined functions, pointers, file management, dynamic
allocations and linked lists, the preprocessors.
EG-304: Remote sensing, Image Processing and elements of GIS
Unit 1: Introduction- Physics of remote sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and its spectrum; sources of EMR and governing laws;
interaction of EMR with atmosphere and surface of the earth; Atmospheric windows;
spectral signature and spectral reflectance, spectral responses of vegetation, water, soil
etc.
Unit 2: Remote sensing data acquisition system
Platforms (Ground borne, airborne and space borne platforms; importance of various
platforms with reference to remote sensing of earth resources), Data acquisition (Types of
sensors, photographic, single and multiband opto-mechanical, thermal sensors) LISS and
sensor array (their principle and operations; spectroradiometers), Microwave sensors
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(SLAR and SAR Systems), Spectral and spatial resolutions (Applications of different
sensor bands, important Remote Sensing Satellites- LANDSAT, SEASAT, SPOT, IRS
and IKONOS.
Unit 3: Elements of Image Processing
Structure of Remote Sensing Images, Data format BIL, BSQ and BIP, type of data
products. Image Processing technique as applied to satellite image data. Image
restoration, reduction, magnification, contrast enhancement (linear and non linear),
histogram equalization, rationing, filtering and edge enhancement, Vegetation indices,
Georeferencing of maps and satellite images, Principle of thematic information extraction
and image classification techniques, supervised and unsupervised classification, ancillary
and contextual data in the classification process, principle of change detection,
registration, image differencing, image processing system consideration and
characteristics.
Unit 4: Fundamentals of Geographic Information System (GIS)
Functional elements of GIS, map projection, data structure, comparison of raster and
vector data model, data acquisition, data input and data processing, data management
system, product and report generation.
Unit 5: Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS
Fundamentals of geological interpretation of aerial and satellite photo images based on
image and terrain elements including spectral signatures, identification of rock types and
mapping, mapping of local and regional structural features such as fault, fractures, folds,
joints. Linear, curvilinear and circular features and their significance in oil exploration,
geological guides, anomalies for mineral and oil prospecting including surface alteration
and their manifestation on remote sensing images. Remote sensing applications in water
resources and environmental impact assessment studies.
EG-305: Elective II (any one)
EG-305A: Inversion
EG-305B: Environmental Geophysics
EG-305C: Reservoir Geophysics
Semester IV
Project Work.
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