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Two DimensionalEchocardiography
Views and Measurements
Echocardiographic Examination
The Windows (Transducer Location)
1.Parasternal
2.Apical
3.Subcostal
4.Suprasternal
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Echocardiographic Examination
Transducer motion
1.Translation (movement)
2.Tilting or pointing
3.Angulation
4.Rotation
Echocardiographic Examination
Views
PLAX
RVIT
Views
PSAX – Aortic Valve
PSAX – Mitral Valve
PSAX – Papillary Muscle
PSAX - Apex
Views
Apical 4-Chamber
Apical 2-Chamber
Apical 3-Chamber (Apical Long Axis)
Apical 5 Chamber
Views
Subcostal 4 Chamber
Subcostal 5 Chamber
Subcostal Short Axis
Views
Suprasternal Long Axis
Suprasternal Short Axis
Right Parasternal View
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Wall
Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Septum
Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Chamber size
Ventricles Atria Aorta Pulmonary artery
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Valves Thickening Calcification Motion
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Subvalvular apparatus
Chordae tendinaea Papillary muscle
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Masses
Thrombus Tumors Vegetations
Two Dimensional Evaluation
Pericardium
Thickening
Effusion Pericardial Pleural
PLAX View
PLAX View
PLAX View
PLAX
• Aortic diameter
• LVOT diameter
• LA dimension
2-D Measurement
• RVWd
• RVIDd
2-D Measurement
• IVSd
• IVSs
2-D Measurement
• LVIDd
• LVIDd index
• LVIDs
• LVIDs index
M-mode Measurement
• LVPWd
• LVPWs
2-D Measurement
ESD = LVIDs
EDD = LVIDd
FS= LVIDd - LVIDs LVIDd
Evaluation of LV Systolic Function
EF = LVIDd3 – LVIDs3 LVIDd3
Evaluation of LV Systolic Function
RVIT
RVIT - Diameter
PSAX – Aortic Valve
PSAX – Diameter
PSAX – Diameter
PSAX – Mitral Valve
PSAX – Papillary Muscle
This is done by tracing the epicardial to calculate the total ventricular volume and the endocardial border to calculate chamber volume.LV mass = 1.05 (total volume – chamber volume)
Evaluation of LV Mass
Evaluation of LV Mass
Total volume= Total area x length
Chamber volume = Chamber area x Length
Myocardial volume = Total volume – Chamber volume
LV mass = Myocardial volume x density
LV mass = Myocardial volume x 1.05
PSAX – Epicardial Border Trace
PSAX – Endocardial Border Trace
PSAX - Apex
Apical – 4 Chamber
Apical-4 ChamberLV Length
Apical – 4 ChamberRA and LA Area
For this method, endocardial borders are traced in apical four-chamber and two-chamber views and are used to define a series of orthogonal diameters (a and b) as follows:
V = (p ) S ai bi x (L) 4 20Using 20 disk for i = 1 to i = 20
This calculation is done by computer software.
Simpson’s Rule
Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Diastole
Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Diastole
Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Systole
Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Systole
Simpson’sApical 2 – Chamber Diastole
Simpson’sApical 2-Chamber Diastole
Simpson’sApical 2-Chamber Systole
Simpson’sApical 2-Chamber Systole
Apical 5-Chamber
Apical – Two Chamber
Apical – Long Axis
In the short axis view at the base
(MV), the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Lateral wall
3. Posterior wall
4. Inferior wall
5. Interior septal wall
6. Anterior septal wall
Wall Segments
In the short axis view at the mid-left
ventricle (the papillary muscle level),
the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Lateral wall
3. Posterior wall
4. Inferior wall
5. Interior septal wall
6. Anterior septal wall
Wall Segments
In the short axis view at the apex
the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Postero-lateral wall
3. Inferior wall
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Wall Segments
Subcostal – 4 Chamber
Subcostal 5-Chamber
PSAX - Apex
Subcostal Short Axis
Subcostal Short Axis
Subcostal – Short Axis
Suprasternal Long Axis
Suprasternal Short Axis
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