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7/28/2019 CORRENTaminoacidsand Pigs
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Ideal Amino Acid Profile forOptimum Performance In
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN (IR)
1
E. Corrent (Ajinomoto Eurolysine, FR)
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Further reduction of dietary
crude protein (CP)
Crude Protein
(N x 6.25)
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 2
Environmental Issues
Improvement of Health Status
Protein feedstuff price: SBM
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Effect of reduced CP diet
on nitrogen excretion
80%
90%
100%
ntroldiet
Gatel-FR, 1992 (85kg)
Kerr-US, 1995 (22 kg)
Cahn-NL, 1998 (55-106kg)
Gatel-FR, 1992 (44kg)
Jin-KO, 1998 (14-27)
Oldenburg-GE, 1996 (50-110kg)
Valaja-FI, 1998 (33-82kg)
Heger-CZ, 1997 (83kg)
Kay-UK, 1998 (65-85kg)
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 3
50%
60%
70%
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
CP, %Nitrogenex
cretion,
%o
fc
o
Kay-UK, 1996 (65-90kg)
Kay-UK, 1996 (35-55kg)
Valaja-FI, 1998 (33-82kg)
Heger et al., 1997 (51kg)
Dourmad-FR, 1993 (45kg)
Gatel-FR, 1992 (57kg)
Kay-UK, 1998 (33-50kg)
Valaja-FI, 1993 (25-105kg)
Latimier-FR, 1993 (30-100, multiphase)
Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LW fem. 30-100kg)
Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LW castr. 30-100kg)
Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LWxP fem. 30-100kg)
Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LWxP castr. 30-100kg)
Bourdon-FR, 1997 (25-100kg, multiphase)
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317 piglet feed samples (Ajinomoto Eurolysine lab survey, 2007)
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
Low protein!CP
reduc
Low N output
= if protein
is balanced
What is a low protein diet ?
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 4
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
CP, %
Lysine
,
PrestarterStarter
High protein?Low protein?
High protein!Low protein!
High protein!
CP
reduction
ion
CP reduction
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Effect of the CP level
on weight gainWeight gain, g/d and CP level
650
750Cinq-mars et al. 1988 (5-15 kg)
Hansen et al. 1993 (5-20 kg)
Gatel and Fekete 1989 (10-25 kg)
Bolduan et al. 1993 (9-23 kg)
Le Bellego and Noblet 2002 (12-27 kg)
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 5
250
350
450
550
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Crude protein, % in feed
. -
Jansman et al. 2000b (10-26 kg)
Jansman et al. 2000c (10-26 kg)
Kerr et al. 1995 (8-21 kg)
Spiekers et al. 1991 (12-27 kg)
Spiekers et al. 1991 (12-27 kg)
Jin et al. 1998 (14-28 kg)
Lordelo et al., 2008 (7-23 kg)
Fernandez et al., 2008 (9-21 kg)
Jansman et al., 2008 (10-25 kg)
Barea et al., 2009 (12-25 kg)
Performance is not a function of Crude Protein BUT of Amino Acid Supply
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Amino Acid Nutrition
Which Role for Crude Protein?
Amino acids
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 6
Protein
Nitrogen
CP = N x 6.25
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Amino acid classification for piglets(Boisen, 2003)
Lys
Thr
Indispensable Dispensable
AA
Glu
Gln
Conditionally
dispensable20 AA are the building
blocks of proteins
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 7
Trp
Val
Ile
Leu
His
Phe Tyr
Arg
Ser
Pro
Asp
Asn
Ala
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Amino acid classification for piglets(Boisen, 2003)
Lys
Thr
Indispensable
Requirements ?
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 9
Trp
Val
Ile
Leu
His
Phe
Which is the next limiting ?
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Content
1. Lysine requirement
2. Thr specificity
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 10
3. Trp requirement (meta analysis)
4. Val requirement (BCAA)
5. Practical implications
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ADG x % Lys
LYSINE REQUIREMENT IN PIGLETS - COMPILATION OF TRIALS - 2009
400
500
600
700
/d)
11,5kg to 24,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP1
12,0 kg to 20,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP2
11,8kg to 57,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP3
9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ET
AL EXP411,0 kg to 29,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP5
6,0 to 15,0 kg NUNES ET AL
06SP03
08BE02
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 11
0
100
200
300
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
% lys in the feed
AD
g(
INRA VAL
8-25 kg Warnants et al., 2001
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998a
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998b
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992a
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992b
6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998
5-20 kg Beltranena & Patience,2000
12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007
% Lys SID
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LYSINE REQUIREMENT IN PIGLETS - COMPILATION OF TRIALS - 2009
400
500
600
700
/d)
11,5kg to 24,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP1
12,0 kg to 20,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP2
11,8kg to 57,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP3
9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ET
AL EXP411,0 kg to 29,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP5
6,0 to 15,0 kg NUNES ET AL
06SP03
08BE02
ADG x lys intake
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 12
0
100
200
300
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
lys intake (mg/day)
AD
g(
INRA VAL
8-25 kg Warnants et al., 2001
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998a
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998b
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992a
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992b
6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998
5-20 kg Beltranena & Patience,2000
12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007
Lys SID intake mg/day
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LYSINE REQUIREMENT IN PIGLETS - COMPILATION OF TRIALS - 2009
400
500
600
700
/d)
11,5kg to 24,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP1
12,0 kg to 20,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP2
11,8kg to 57,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP3
9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ET
AL EXP411,0 kg to 29,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP5
6,0 to 15,0 kg NUNES ET AL
06SP03
08BE02
ADG x lys intake
Best ADG
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 13
0
100
200
300
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
lys intake (mg/day)
AD
g(
INRA VAL
8-25 kg Warnants et al., 2001
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998a
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998b
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992a
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992b
6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998
5-20 kg Beltranena & Patience,2000
12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007
Lys SID intake mg/day
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Best ADG x lys intake Y = 48 X+ 52
R = 0.96Ingested lysine and maximum ADG
500
550
600
650
700
g/d)
19 mg SID Lys /g ADG
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 14
200
250
300
350
400
4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00
Ingested lysine
AD
G(
Lys SID intake mg/day
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LYSINE REQUIREMENT IN PIGLETS - COMPILATION OF TRIALS - 2009
400
500
600
700
g/d)
11,5kg to 24,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP1
12,0 kg to 20,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP2
11,8kg to 57,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP3
9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ETAL EXP4
11,0 kg to 29,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP5
6,0 to 15,0 kg NUNES ET AL
06SP03
08BE02
Over supply of Lys ?
Trp:Lys
ADG x lys intake In a lot of trials, the response is limited by deficient AA
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 15
0
100
200
300
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
lys intake (mg/day)
AD
g(
8-25 kg Warnants et al., 2001
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998a
9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998b
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992a
8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992b
6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998
5-20 kg Beltranena & Patience,2000
12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007
Linaire (Srie17)
Or deficient in AA ?
His:Lys
Lys SID intake mg/day
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Lysine
conclusions Lysine concentration: ADG and FCR
19 mg SID Lys per g of ADG is consistent among different trials
It is equivalent to : Piglets 6 to 15 kg : 1,29 g Lys SID / MJ NE
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 16
Piglets 11 to 27 kg : 1,26 g Lys SID / MJ NE
For a practical diet : Piglets 6 to 15 : 10,5 NE = 1,35 Lys SID %
Piglet 11 to 27 kg : 9,5 NE = 1,20 Lys SID %
With a balanced Amino Acid Profile
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Threonine is found in high concentration in numerous gastro-
intestinal secretions (Plitzner, 2006).
40-50% of the absorbed threonine is used by the intestine itself(Stoll etal., 1998; Bertolo et al., 1998; Burrin et al., 2001).
Threonine in digestive tract
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 17
Amino acids composition of mucin
(Ball, 2002 from Lien et al., 1997)
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Average daily gain, % best
performances within each trials
Feed conversion ratio, % best
performances within each trials
PIGLET (4-25 kg)
SID Thr:Lys requirement
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 18
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Thr requirement increases with BW
Ajinomoto: Thr:Lys SID
Piglet : 65%
Grower : 67%
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 19
:
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Trp implications
Dietary
tryptophan
Feed intake
Gastrointestinal
Tract
Ghrelin Serotonin
Brain
Animal behavior
mood, stress responseand sleep regulation
Melatonin
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 20
Plasma
Tryptophan
Kynurenine
Acute phase
proteinProtein
synthesisIDO
TDO
Growth
performance
Trp:LNAA
(% CP)
IFN
gamma
Immune response and
health maintenance
Metabolites
4th limitingAmino AcidsTrp:Lys ?
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Amino acid requirement ?
Nitrogen retention
Maximisation of Growth
Feed efficiency
Dose response
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 21
Variability
- Experimental conditions
- Modes of expressing requirement:-% of the feed
-Ratio to Lys
-mg/g ADG
-mg/energy unitComparison and compilation ?
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ADG as a function of SID Trp:Lys
700
600
500
Published in Nottingham Feed Conference 2009
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 22
34323028262422201816141210864
400
300
200
100
0
SID Tr p:L ys (%)
AD
G
(g/
d
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Estimation of the SID Trp:Lys
requirement for piglets
350
400
450
500
d)
Published in Nottingham Feed Conference 2009
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 23
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
SID Trp:Lys (%)
ADG(
g
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Estimation of the SID Trp:Lys
requirement for piglets
Response criterion Curvilinear-plateau1 Asymptotic2
Average daily gain 21.6 (0.8) 26.7 (2.9)
Avera e dail feed intake 22.1 1.1 24.7 3.5
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 24
Gain to feed 20.3 (0.9) 20.7 (2.2)
1. The minimum SID Trp:Lys level required to reach the plateau
2. The SID Trp:Lys level required to reach 95% of the plateau
Published in Nottingham Feed Conference 2009
The meta analysis over 40 trials confirms
the recommendation of 22 % Trp:Lys SID
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National recommendations
@70% SID Val:Lys
70%
68%
71%
69% 70% 70%
65%
70%
75%
Average = 70 %
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 25
50%
55%
60%
INRA
(Sve et al., 1994)
NRC
(1998)
FEDNA
(de Blas et al., 2006)
UFV
(Rostagno
et al.,2005
BSAS
(whittemore
et al., 2003)
DSP
(Jorgensen
and Tybirk, 2008)
FR USA ES BR GB DK
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ADG and SID Val:Lys ratioVAL/LYS SID DOSE RESPONSE Average Daily Gain g/d
500
550
Dusel et al., 2008 - 1,00 % Lys SID
Paulicks et al., 2008 - 1,00 % Lys SID
Torrallardona et al., 2008 - 1,19 % Lys SID
-
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 26
250
300
350
400
450
40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85%
Val/Lys ratio SID %
g/day
., ,
Mavromichalis et al., 2001exp5 - 1,12 % Lys SID
Barea et al., 2009b - 1,14 % Lys Sid
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Val:Lys requirementSID Val:Lys ratio
requirement in pigletsModels used ADG FI FCR
Mavromichalis et al., 2001 Linear 71% 71% 71%
Barea et al., 2009a
Broken line and
Curvilinear*73% 78% 72%
Broken line and
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 27
Barea et al., 2009b Curvilinear*
Dusel et al., 2008 Quadratic 70% - 68%
Paulicks et al., 2008 Curvilinear 72% 71% 71%
Torrallardona et al., 2008 Curvilinear and Quadratic* 69% - 72%
Average 71% 73% 71%
Standard deviation 1.5 3.2 1.4
This compilation confirms a minimum of 70% SID Val:Lys
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80%
85%
90%
95%
Valine is deficient in Starter feeds,
whatever the Lys levelStarter Feeds Valine deficient dietsAjinomoto Survey 2008
28
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Total Lys content (%)
TotalVal:Lysconten
t(%
Total Val:Lys = 73%
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Zootechnical response
to dietary Valine content
90
95
100
Mavromichalis et al., 2001 - Exp. 5 -
Barea et al., 2009a - Exp. 4 -
Dusel et al., 2008
Paulicks et al., 2008
Torrallardona et al., 2008
Average Response Curve
ADG ADG RESPONSE
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 29
70
75
80
85
45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 75% 80%
Val:Lys SID ratio (%)
%
70%
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Estimation of the response to SID
Val:Lys
+7%+7%+7%+7%
-4%-4%-4%-4%
ADG FCRFrom 64 to 70% SID Val:Lys
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 30
+14%+14%+14%+14%
-7%-7%-7%-7%
-1 0-10-1 0-10 -5-5-5-5 0000 5555 10101010 15151515 20202020
From 61 to 70% SID Val:Lys
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Ile and Val : other published data
(Barea et al., 2009)
1- Negative control: Val 57 Ile 50
2- 1+Ile : Val 57 Ile 60
3- 1+Val: Val 70 Ile 57
Barea et al., 2009
ADG and Feed Intake
500
550
800
820
840
ADG Feed Intake
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 31
4- 1+Val+Ile: Val 70 Ile 60
1-negative
control
2-1+Ile 3-1+Val 4-1+Ile+Val
Val is limiting before Ile
Ile requirement ?
300
350
400
450
ADG
ing/day
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
Feedintakeing/day
No effect of Ile:Lys increase
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Interactions between BCAAs
LEU Wiltafsky and Roth, 2008
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 32
Reduction of performance
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Ile requirement ?Effect of Ile:Lys on ADG of piglets
(12-25 kg) when SID Val:Lys is @
70% and low Leu
600
700 Low Ile:Lys
High Ile:Lys
400
450
500
No Spray Dried Blood Cells
= low Leu
Spray Dried Blood Cells 7.5%
= high Leu
Wiltafsky et al., 2009
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 33
0
100
200
300
400
Lordelo et al.,
2008 from 50 to
67%
Barea et al.,
2009 from 50 to
60%
150
200
250
300
350
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
ILE:LYS SID %
ADG
54% 58%
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Ideal AA profile, AEL 2009
Prestarter Starter
6-12 kg 12-25 kg
Lys SID % of feed 1.30-1.40 1.15-1.25
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 34
Thr % of Lys 65
Trp % of Lys 22
Val % of Lys 70
Ile % of Lys 55
Leu % of Lys 100
His* % of Lys 32
Phe + Tyr* % of Lys 95
Arg* % of Lys 42
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Increasing SID Val:Lys
in commercial conditions (SP)
180 animals
9 to 25 kg
10.5 MJ/kg NE
1.20% Lys SID
522 b
Effect of dietary SID Val:Lys on starter piglet weight gain (from 9 to 25 kg)
510
520
530
)
+ 7% + 5%
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 35
63, 68 and 72%
SID Val:Lys
Between 68 and
72% SID Val:Lys:
ADG : + 5%
FCR : -9.2%
Even with good basal performance, there is an additional effect of Valine
488 a
470
480
490
500
63% 68% 72%Dietary SID Val:Lys (%)
ADG
(g/
497 ab
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Reduction of CP
in commercial conditions (SP)
19% CP - 1.25 % SID Lys
CORN
17% CP - 1.25 % SID Lys
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 36
WPCL-AA
Beet Pulp
others
Soya = -25%
Net Energy = 10.5 MJ/kg (2530 kcal/kg)
Ajinomoto Ideal AA Profile
Piglets from 9.5 to 23.5 kg in 28 days
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Lordelo et al., 2008 Results
ADG (g/d)
571a583a
580
600
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 39
509b
460
480
500
520
540
HIGH CP LOW CP Val deficient Low CP Val 70%
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Improvement of Fecal score
(Lordelo et al., 2008)
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
rse
The effect of CP on fecal scoreLow CP diet balanced in AA
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 40
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4
Fecalscore:higher
isw
1 High CP diet 2 Low CP diet 3 Low CP diet + L-Val
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Reduction of nitrogen excretion:
1 point = -10% n excretion
10
12
14
16
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 41
0
2
4
6
8g/d
High CP 5,91 8,98 14,89
Low CP (-3,5 points) 3,91 5,27 9,18Low CP + 1,5 kg/T L-Val 5,04 4,59 9,63
feces urine both
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Conclusion
Better knowledge on AA and ideal AA
profile: more accuracy and efficiency 2 important AA to consider in the reduction
of CP:
FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 42
Trp: confirmation of requirement @ 22% LysSID
Val:
Deficient in feeds L-Val : to break through the compromise between
reduction of CP and performance
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Thank you.
43
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