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Ideal Amino Acid Profile forOptimum Performance In

FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN (IR)

1

E. Corrent (Ajinomoto Eurolysine, FR)


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Further reduction of dietary

crude protein (CP)

Crude Protein

(N x 6.25)

FEED FORUM 2009 DUBLIN 2

Environmental Issues

Improvement of Health Status

Protein feedstuff price: SBM


3/43

Effect of reduced CP diet

on nitrogen excretion

80%

90%

100%

ntroldiet

Gatel-FR, 1992 (85kg)

Kerr-US, 1995 (22 kg)

Cahn-NL, 1998 (55-106kg)


Jin-KO, 1998 (14-27)

Oldenburg-GE, 1996 (50-110kg)

Valaja-FI, 1998 (33-82kg)

Heger-CZ, 1997 (83kg)

Kay-UK, 1998 (65-85kg)


50%

60%

70%

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

CP, %Nitrogenex

cretion,

%o

fc

o

Kay-UK, 1996 (65-90kg)

Kay-UK, 1996 (35-55kg)

Valaja-FI, 1998 (33-82kg)

Heger et al., 1997 (51kg)

Dourmad-FR, 1993 (45kg)


Kay-UK, 1998 (33-50kg)

Valaja-FI, 1993 (25-105kg)

Latimier-FR, 1993 (30-100, multiphase)

Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LW fem. 30-100kg)

Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LW castr. 30-100kg)

Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LWxP fem. 30-100kg)

Dourmad-FR, 1993 (LWxP castr. 30-100kg)

Bourdon-FR, 1997 (25-100kg, multiphase)


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317 piglet feed samples (Ajinomoto Eurolysine lab survey, 2007)

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

Low protein!CP

reduc

Low N output

= if protein

is balanced

What is a low protein diet ?


0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

CP, %

Lysine

,

PrestarterStarter

High protein?Low protein?

High protein!Low protein!

High protein!

CP

reduction

ion

CP reduction


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Effect of the CP level

on weight gainWeight gain, g/d and CP level

650

750Cinq-mars et al. 1988 (5-15 kg)

Hansen et al. 1993 (5-20 kg)

Gatel and Fekete 1989 (10-25 kg)

Bolduan et al. 1993 (9-23 kg)

Le Bellego and Noblet 2002 (12-27 kg)


250

350

450

550

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Crude protein, % in feed

. -

Jansman et al. 2000b (10-26 kg)

Jansman et al. 2000c (10-26 kg)

Kerr et al. 1995 (8-21 kg)

Spiekers et al. 1991 (12-27 kg)

Spiekers et al. 1991 (12-27 kg)

Jin et al. 1998 (14-28 kg)

Lordelo et al., 2008 (7-23 kg)

Fernandez et al., 2008 (9-21 kg)

Jansman et al., 2008 (10-25 kg)

Barea et al., 2009 (12-25 kg)

Performance is not a function of Crude Protein BUT of Amino Acid Supply


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Amino Acid Nutrition

Which Role for Crude Protein?

Amino acids


Protein

Nitrogen

CP = N x 6.25


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Amino acid classification for piglets(Boisen, 2003)

Lys

Thr

Indispensable Dispensable

AA

Glu

Gln

Conditionally

dispensable20 AA are the building

blocks of proteins


Trp

Val

Ile

Leu

His

Phe Tyr

Arg

Ser

Pro

Asp

Asn

Ala


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Amino acid classification for piglets(Boisen, 2003)

Lys

Thr

Indispensable

Requirements ?


Trp

Val

Ile

Leu

His

Phe

Which is the next limiting ?


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Content

1. Lysine requirement

2. Thr specificity


3. Trp requirement (meta analysis)

4. Val requirement (BCAA)

5. Practical implications


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ADG x % Lys

LYSINE REQUIREMENT IN PIGLETS - COMPILATION OF TRIALS - 2009

400

500

600

700

/d)

11,5kg to 24,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP1

12,0 kg to 20,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP2


9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ET

AL EXP411,0 kg to 29,0 kg KENDALLET AL EXP5

6,0 to 15,0 kg NUNES ET AL

06SP03

08BE02


0

100

200

300

0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

% lys in the feed

AD

g(

INRA VAL

8-25 kg Warnants et al., 2001

9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998a

9-25 kg van Lunen & Cole,1998b

8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992a

8-25 kg Gatel et al., 1992b

6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998

5-20 kg Beltranena & Patience,2000

12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007

% Lys SID


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400

500

600

700

/d)







06SP03

08BE02

ADG x lys intake


0

100

200

300

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

lys intake (mg/day)

AD

g(

INRA VAL






6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998


12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007

Lys SID intake mg/day


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400

500

600

700

/d)







06SP03

08BE02

ADG x lys intake

Best ADG


0

100

200

300

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

lys intake (mg/day)

AD

g(

INRA VAL






6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998


12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007



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Best ADG x lys intake Y = 48 X+ 52

R = 0.96Ingested lysine and maximum ADG

500

550

600

650

700

g/d)

19 mg SID Lys /g ADG


200

250

300

350

400

4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00

Ingested lysine

AD

G(



15/43


400

500

600

700

g/d)




9,5 kg to 26,0 kg KENDALL ETAL EXP4



06SP03

08BE02

Over supply of Lys ?

Trp:Lys

ADG x lys intake In a lot of trials, the response is limited by deficient AA


0

100

200

300

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

lys intake (mg/day)

AD

g(






6-15 kg Jin et al; 1998


12 - 25 kg Gaudr et al., 2007

Linaire (Srie17)

Or deficient in AA ?

His:Lys



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Lysine

conclusions Lysine concentration: ADG and FCR

19 mg SID Lys per g of ADG is consistent among different trials

It is equivalent to : Piglets 6 to 15 kg : 1,29 g Lys SID / MJ NE


Piglets 11 to 27 kg : 1,26 g Lys SID / MJ NE

For a practical diet : Piglets 6 to 15 : 10,5 NE = 1,35 Lys SID %

Piglet 11 to 27 kg : 9,5 NE = 1,20 Lys SID %

With a balanced Amino Acid Profile


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Threonine is found in high concentration in numerous gastro-

intestinal secretions (Plitzner, 2006).

40-50% of the absorbed threonine is used by the intestine itself(Stoll etal., 1998; Bertolo et al., 1998; Burrin et al., 2001).

Threonine in digestive tract


Amino acids composition of mucin

(Ball, 2002 from Lien et al., 1997)


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Average daily gain, % best

performances within each trials

Feed conversion ratio, % best

performances within each trials

PIGLET (4-25 kg)

SID Thr:Lys requirement



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Thr requirement increases with BW

Ajinomoto: Thr:Lys SID

Piglet : 65%

Grower : 67%


:


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Trp implications

Dietary

tryptophan

Feed intake

Gastrointestinal

Tract

Ghrelin Serotonin

Brain

Animal behavior

mood, stress responseand sleep regulation

Melatonin


Plasma

Tryptophan

Kynurenine

Acute phase

proteinProtein

synthesisIDO

TDO

Growth

performance

Trp:LNAA

(% CP)

IFN

gamma

Immune response and

health maintenance

Metabolites

4th limitingAmino AcidsTrp:Lys ?


21/43

Amino acid requirement ?

Nitrogen retention

Maximisation of Growth

Feed efficiency

Dose response


Variability

- Experimental conditions

- Modes of expressing requirement:-% of the feed

-Ratio to Lys

-mg/g ADG

-mg/energy unitComparison and compilation ?


22/43

ADG as a function of SID Trp:Lys

700

600

500

Published in Nottingham Feed Conference 2009


34323028262422201816141210864

400

300

200

100

0

SID Tr p:L ys (%)

AD

G

(g/

d


23/43

Estimation of the SID Trp:Lys

requirement for piglets

350

400

450

500

d)



0

50

100

150

200

250

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

SID Trp:Lys (%)

ADG(

g


24/43

Estimation of the SID Trp:Lys

requirement for piglets

Response criterion Curvilinear-plateau1 Asymptotic2

Average daily gain 21.6 (0.8) 26.7 (2.9)

Avera e dail feed intake 22.1 1.1 24.7 3.5


Gain to feed 20.3 (0.9) 20.7 (2.2)

1. The minimum SID Trp:Lys level required to reach the plateau

2. The SID Trp:Lys level required to reach 95% of the plateau


The meta analysis over 40 trials confirms

the recommendation of 22 % Trp:Lys SID


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National recommendations

@70% SID Val:Lys

70%

68%

71%

69% 70% 70%

65%

70%

75%

Average = 70 %


50%

55%

60%

INRA

(Sve et al., 1994)

NRC

(1998)

FEDNA

(de Blas et al., 2006)

UFV

(Rostagno

et al.,2005

BSAS

(whittemore

et al., 2003)

DSP

(Jorgensen

and Tybirk, 2008)

FR USA ES BR GB DK


26/43

ADG and SID Val:Lys ratioVAL/LYS SID DOSE RESPONSE Average Daily Gain g/d

500

550

Dusel et al., 2008 - 1,00 % Lys SID

Paulicks et al., 2008 - 1,00 % Lys SID

Torrallardona et al., 2008 - 1,19 % Lys SID

-


250

300

350

400

450

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85%

Val/Lys ratio SID %

g/day

., ,

Mavromichalis et al., 2001exp5 - 1,12 % Lys SID

Barea et al., 2009b - 1,14 % Lys Sid


27/43

Val:Lys requirementSID Val:Lys ratio

requirement in pigletsModels used ADG FI FCR

Mavromichalis et al., 2001 Linear 71% 71% 71%

Barea et al., 2009a

Broken line and

Curvilinear*73% 78% 72%

Broken line and


Barea et al., 2009b Curvilinear*

Dusel et al., 2008 Quadratic 70% - 68%

Paulicks et al., 2008 Curvilinear 72% 71% 71%

Torrallardona et al., 2008 Curvilinear and Quadratic* 69% - 72%

Average 71% 73% 71%

Standard deviation 1.5 3.2 1.4

This compilation confirms a minimum of 70% SID Val:Lys


28/43

80%

85%

90%

95%

Valine is deficient in Starter feeds,

whatever the Lys levelStarter Feeds Valine deficient dietsAjinomoto Survey 2008

28

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Total Lys content (%)

TotalVal:Lysconten

t(%

Total Val:Lys = 73%


29/43

Zootechnical response

to dietary Valine content

90

95

100

Mavromichalis et al., 2001 - Exp. 5 -

Barea et al., 2009a - Exp. 4 -

Dusel et al., 2008

Paulicks et al., 2008

Torrallardona et al., 2008

Average Response Curve

ADG ADG RESPONSE


70

75

80

85

45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 75% 80%

Val:Lys SID ratio (%)

%

70%


30/43

Estimation of the response to SID

Val:Lys

+7%+7%+7%+7%

-4%-4%-4%-4%

ADG FCRFrom 64 to 70% SID Val:Lys


+14%+14%+14%+14%

-7%-7%-7%-7%

-1 0-10-1 0-10 -5-5-5-5 0000 5555 10101010 15151515 20202020

From 61 to 70% SID Val:Lys


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Ile and Val : other published data

(Barea et al., 2009)

1- Negative control: Val 57 Ile 50

2- 1+Ile : Val 57 Ile 60

3- 1+Val: Val 70 Ile 57

Barea et al., 2009

ADG and Feed Intake

500

550

800

820

840

ADG Feed Intake


4- 1+Val+Ile: Val 70 Ile 60

1-negative

control

2-1+Ile 3-1+Val 4-1+Ile+Val

Val is limiting before Ile

Ile requirement ?

300

350

400

450

ADG

ing/day

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

Feedintakeing/day

No effect of Ile:Lys increase


32/43

Interactions between BCAAs

LEU Wiltafsky and Roth, 2008


Reduction of performance


33/43

Ile requirement ?Effect of Ile:Lys on ADG of piglets

(12-25 kg) when SID Val:Lys is @

70% and low Leu

600

700 Low Ile:Lys

High Ile:Lys

400

450

500

No Spray Dried Blood Cells

= low Leu

Spray Dried Blood Cells 7.5%

= high Leu

Wiltafsky et al., 2009


0

100

200

300

400

Lordelo et al.,

2008 from 50 to

67%

Barea et al.,

2009 from 50 to

60%

150

200

250

300

350

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

ILE:LYS SID %

ADG

54% 58%


34/43

Ideal AA profile, AEL 2009

Prestarter Starter

6-12 kg 12-25 kg

Lys SID % of feed 1.30-1.40 1.15-1.25


Thr % of Lys 65

Trp % of Lys 22

Val % of Lys 70

Ile % of Lys 55

Leu % of Lys 100

His* % of Lys 32

Phe + Tyr* % of Lys 95

Arg* % of Lys 42


35/43

Increasing SID Val:Lys

in commercial conditions (SP)

180 animals

9 to 25 kg

10.5 MJ/kg NE

1.20% Lys SID

522 b

Effect of dietary SID Val:Lys on starter piglet weight gain (from 9 to 25 kg)

510

520

530

)

+ 7% + 5%


63, 68 and 72%

SID Val:Lys

Between 68 and

72% SID Val:Lys:

ADG : + 5%

FCR : -9.2%

Even with good basal performance, there is an additional effect of Valine

488 a

470

480

490

500

63% 68% 72%Dietary SID Val:Lys (%)

ADG

(g/

497 ab


36/43

Reduction of CP

in commercial conditions (SP)

19% CP - 1.25 % SID Lys

CORN

17% CP - 1.25 % SID Lys


WPCL-AA

Beet Pulp

others

Soya = -25%

Net Energy = 10.5 MJ/kg (2530 kcal/kg)

Ajinomoto Ideal AA Profile

Piglets from 9.5 to 23.5 kg in 28 days


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39/43

Lordelo et al., 2008 Results

ADG (g/d)

571a583a

580

600


509b

460

480

500

520

540

HIGH CP LOW CP Val deficient Low CP Val 70%


40/43

Improvement of Fecal score

(Lordelo et al., 2008)

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

rse

The effect of CP on fecal scoreLow CP diet balanced in AA


0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4

Fecalscore:higher

isw

1 High CP diet 2 Low CP diet 3 Low CP diet + L-Val


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Reduction of nitrogen excretion:

1 point = -10% n excretion

10

12

14

16


0

2

4

6

8g/d

High CP 5,91 8,98 14,89

Low CP (-3,5 points) 3,91 5,27 9,18Low CP + 1,5 kg/T L-Val 5,04 4,59 9,63

feces urine both


42/43

Conclusion

Better knowledge on AA and ideal AA

profile: more accuracy and efficiency 2 important AA to consider in the reduction

of CP:


Trp: confirmation of requirement @ 22% LysSID

Val:

Deficient in feeds L-Val : to break through the compromise between

reduction of CP and performance


43/43

Thank you.

43

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CORRENTaminoacidsand Pigs