Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How are autosomal cells and sex...

How are autosomal cells and sex cells different?

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day2-252-25

ObjectivesObjectives– Describe shape / function of a Describe shape / function of a

chromosomechromosome– Describe differences between Describe differences between

autosome & sex chromosomes.autosome & sex chromosomes.

ReviewReview2-252-25

What am I?

ReviewReview Describe the structure of a chromosome.Describe the structure of a chromosome.

Identify the differences in structure Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.eukaryotic chromosomes.

Compare the numbers of chromosomes Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.in different species.

Explain the differences between sex Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.chromosomes and autosomes.

Distinguish between diploid and haploid Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.cells.

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Female Genotype

SyndromeMale Genotype

Syndrome

XX normal XY normal

XO Turner XXY Klinefelter

XXX Triple-X XYY XYY

What is the same about a homologous pair of chromosomes? What is different?

ASSIGNMENTSASSIGNMENTSBook Questions Book Questions (page (page 5) 5)

Cell Division Cell Division WebquestWebquest

REVIEWREVIEW

What does a chromosome look What does a chromosome look like right before cell division?like right before cell division?

What’s a histone?What’s a histone? How is a prokaryote different How is a prokaryote different

than a eukaryote?than a eukaryote? Which cells are haploid? Which cells are haploid?

Diploid?Diploid?

Cell DivisionCell Division Cell divisionCell division – is the process by – is the process by

which which cells reproduce. cells reproduce. In ProkaryotesIn Prokaryotes:: Binary fission – Binary fission – DivisionDivision of a of a

prokaryotic cell into prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring2 offspring cells.cells.

In Eukaryotes:In Eukaryotes: Cell CycleCell Cycle

– Cycle consisting of Cycle consisting of cell division and cell division and interphaseinterphase

– Cell division Cell division Process of Process of creating a new cellcreating a new cell Includes Includes mitosis mitosis and cytokinesis cytokinesis..

– InterphaseInterphase Time Time between cellular divisionbetween cellular division Majority of the life cycleMajority of the life cycle of a of a cellcell

InterphaseInterphase Cell is Cell is preparing for next preparing for next

division division

3 Parts of Interphase: 3 Parts of Interphase: GG1 1 -- Cell -- Cell GrowthGrowth (duplicate organelles) (duplicate organelles) S -- S -- DNA replicationDNA replication GG2 2 -- Growth and -- Growth and

preparation for cell preparation for cell divisiondivision

GG00 – cells that do – cells that do not again preparenot again preparefor replication –for replication –basically stay in Gbasically stay in G11 phasephase

REVIEWREVIEW

Binary fission = ???Binary fission = ??? Two main parts of cell cycle in Two main parts of cell cycle in

eukaryotes =eukaryotes = 3 parts of interphase = ???3 parts of interphase = ???

Cell Division – Mitosis and Cell Division – Mitosis and CytokinesisCytokinesis

Mitosis – Process which ONE cell Mitosis – Process which ONE cell divides intodivides into TWO TWO genetically identical genetically identical cells cells – Asexual reproduction– Asexual reproduction

4 Stages:4 Stages:– ProphaseProphase– MetaphaseMetaphase– AnaphaseAnaphase– TelophaseTelophase

ProphaseProphase Chromatin coils into chromosomesChromatin coils into chromosomes

(remember DNA was duplicated in the S (remember DNA was duplicated in the S phase)phase)

Nuclear membrane breaks downNuclear membrane breaks down CentriolesCentrioles appear and move towards poles appear and move towards poles

of cellof cell Spindle fibers Spindle fibers

appear.appear. Spindle Spindle fibers = fibers = microtubulesmicrotubules that that radiate from radiate from centrioles and centrioles and attach to attach to chromosomeschromosomes

chromosomes nuclear

membrane

centrioles

spindle fibers

1. What are the four phases of mitosis?

2. What happens during prophase?

Objective:Objective:– Discuss what happens in anaphase Discuss what happens in anaphase

and telophaseand telophase

1. How are chromosomes different from chromatin?

2. What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle?

3. What are the 3 main stages of interphase?

4. What happens during each stage of interphase?

5. What are the 2 main parts of cell division?

ReviewReview3-13-1

MetaphaseMetaphase

Spindles move sister chromatids Spindles move sister chromatids to the equator of the cellto the equator of the cell

MetaphaseMetaphase

_______________ lined up

________________

________________ attached to chromosomes

chromosomes

centrioles

spindle fibers

AnaphaseAnaphase Sister chromatids pulled apartSister chromatids pulled apart

into daughter chromatidsinto daughter chromatids Daughter chromatids move Daughter chromatids move

towards poles of celltowards poles of cell

AnaphaseAnaphase

________________

_____________________________ are pulled apart

________________

sister chromatids

centrioles

spindle fibers

TelophaseTelophase Chromosomes unwindChromosomes unwind Nucleus reformsNucleus reforms Spindles disappearSpindles disappear Cleavage furrow Cleavage furrow

appears –appears – indentation whereindentation where cells will split cells will split

TelophaseTelophase

__________________ disappearing

_______________________ forming

_______________________ formingcleavage furrow

nuclear membrane

spindle fibers

CytokinesisCytokinesis

Animal CellsAnimal Cells– Cleavage furrow Cleavage furrow ––

indentation whereindentation where cells will split and separate into two cells will split and separate into two cellscells

Plant CellsPlant Cells– cell platecell plate – separates – separates

the dividing cell into the dividing cell into two cells. two cells.

Phase of mitosis = _______________

________________

Phase of mitosis = _________________

Phase of mitosis = _______________

ReviewingReviewingprophase

centrioles

spindle fibers

metaphase

anaphasetelophase

CELL CYCLE

_______________ _______________Most of the time

__________________________

___________

DNA replicated__________________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

_____________

CELL CYCLE

_______________ _______________Most of the time

__________________________

___________

DNA replicated__________________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

_____________

Cell division

Interphase

cytokinesis mitosis G1 phase G2 phase

S phase

cytokinesis

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

_______________ lined up

________________

________________ attached to chromosomes

________________

_____________________________ are pulled apart

________________

__________________ disappearing

_______________________ forming

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How are autosomal cells and sex...

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