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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
How are autosomal cells and sex cells different?
Question of the DayQuestion of the Day2-252-25
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ObjectivesObjectives– Describe shape / function of a Describe shape / function of a
chromosomechromosome– Describe differences between Describe differences between
autosome & sex chromosomes.autosome & sex chromosomes.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ReviewReview2-252-25
What am I?
What am I?
What am I?
What am I?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ReviewReview Describe the structure of a chromosome.Describe the structure of a chromosome.
Identify the differences in structure Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.eukaryotic chromosomes.
Compare the numbers of chromosomes Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.in different species.
Explain the differences between sex Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.chromosomes and autosomes.
Distinguish between diploid and haploid Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.cells.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Female Genotype
SyndromeMale Genotype
Syndrome
XX normal XY normal
XO Turner XXY Klinefelter
XXX Triple-X XYY XYY
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What is the same about a homologous pair of chromosomes? What is different?
Question of the DayQuestion of the Day2-282-28
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ASSIGNMENTSASSIGNMENTSBook Questions Book Questions (page (page 5) 5)
Cell Division Cell Division WebquestWebquest
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
REVIEWREVIEW
What does a chromosome look What does a chromosome look like right before cell division?like right before cell division?
What’s a histone?What’s a histone? How is a prokaryote different How is a prokaryote different
than a eukaryote?than a eukaryote? Which cells are haploid? Which cells are haploid?
Diploid?Diploid?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Cell DivisionCell Division Cell divisionCell division – is the process by – is the process by
which which cells reproduce. cells reproduce. In ProkaryotesIn Prokaryotes:: Binary fission – Binary fission – DivisionDivision of a of a
prokaryotic cell into prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring2 offspring cells.cells.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
In Eukaryotes:In Eukaryotes: Cell CycleCell Cycle
– Cycle consisting of Cycle consisting of cell division and cell division and interphaseinterphase
– Cell division Cell division Process of Process of creating a new cellcreating a new cell Includes Includes mitosis mitosis and cytokinesis cytokinesis..
– InterphaseInterphase Time Time between cellular divisionbetween cellular division Majority of the life cycleMajority of the life cycle of a of a cellcell
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
InterphaseInterphase Cell is Cell is preparing for next preparing for next
division division
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3 Parts of Interphase: 3 Parts of Interphase: GG1 1 -- Cell -- Cell GrowthGrowth (duplicate organelles) (duplicate organelles) S -- S -- DNA replicationDNA replication GG2 2 -- Growth and -- Growth and
preparation for cell preparation for cell divisiondivision
GG00 – cells that do – cells that do not again preparenot again preparefor replication –for replication –basically stay in Gbasically stay in G11 phasephase
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
REVIEWREVIEW
Binary fission = ???Binary fission = ??? Two main parts of cell cycle in Two main parts of cell cycle in
eukaryotes =eukaryotes = 3 parts of interphase = ???3 parts of interphase = ???
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Cell Division – Mitosis and Cell Division – Mitosis and CytokinesisCytokinesis
Mitosis – Process which ONE cell Mitosis – Process which ONE cell divides intodivides into TWO TWO genetically identical genetically identical cells cells – Asexual reproduction– Asexual reproduction
4 Stages:4 Stages:– ProphaseProphase– MetaphaseMetaphase– AnaphaseAnaphase– TelophaseTelophase
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ProphaseProphase Chromatin coils into chromosomesChromatin coils into chromosomes
(remember DNA was duplicated in the S (remember DNA was duplicated in the S phase)phase)
Nuclear membrane breaks downNuclear membrane breaks down CentriolesCentrioles appear and move towards poles appear and move towards poles
of cellof cell Spindle fibers Spindle fibers
appear.appear. Spindle Spindle fibers = fibers = microtubulesmicrotubules that that radiate from radiate from centrioles and centrioles and attach to attach to chromosomeschromosomes
chromosomes nuclear
membrane
centrioles
spindle fibers
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. What are the four phases of mitosis?
2. What happens during prophase?
Question of the DayQuestion of the Day3-13-1
Objective:Objective:– Discuss what happens in anaphase Discuss what happens in anaphase
and telophaseand telophase
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. How are chromosomes different from chromatin?
2. What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle?
3. What are the 3 main stages of interphase?
4. What happens during each stage of interphase?
5. What are the 2 main parts of cell division?
ReviewReview3-13-1
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
MetaphaseMetaphase
Spindles move sister chromatids Spindles move sister chromatids to the equator of the cellto the equator of the cell
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MetaphaseMetaphase
_______________ lined up
________________
________________ attached to chromosomes
chromosomes
centrioles
spindle fibers
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AnaphaseAnaphase Sister chromatids pulled apartSister chromatids pulled apart
into daughter chromatidsinto daughter chromatids Daughter chromatids move Daughter chromatids move
towards poles of celltowards poles of cell
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AnaphaseAnaphase
v
vv
v
v
________________
_____________________________ are pulled apart
________________
sister chromatids
centrioles
spindle fibers
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TelophaseTelophase Chromosomes unwindChromosomes unwind Nucleus reformsNucleus reforms Spindles disappearSpindles disappear Cleavage furrow Cleavage furrow
appears –appears – indentation whereindentation where cells will split cells will split
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TelophaseTelophase
__________________ disappearing
_______________________ forming
_______________________ formingcleavage furrow
nuclear membrane
spindle fibers
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Animal CellsAnimal Cells– Cleavage furrow Cleavage furrow ––
indentation whereindentation where cells will split and separate into two cells will split and separate into two cellscells
Plant CellsPlant Cells– cell platecell plate – separates – separates
the dividing cell into the dividing cell into two cells. two cells.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Phase of mitosis = _______________
________________
________________
Phase of mitosis = _________________
Phase of mitosis = _______________
Phase of mitosis = _______________
ReviewingReviewingprophase
centrioles
spindle fibers
metaphase
anaphasetelophase
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CELL CYCLE
_______________ _______________Most of the time
__________________________
___________
DNA replicated__________________________
_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
_____________
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CELL CYCLE
_______________ _______________Most of the time
__________________________
___________
DNA replicated__________________________
_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
_____________
Cell division
Interphase
cytokinesis mitosis G1 phase G2 phase
S phase
cytokinesis
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
_______________ lined up
________________
________________ attached to chromosomes
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v
vv
v
v
________________
_____________________________ are pulled apart
________________
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__________________ disappearing
_______________________ forming
_______________________ forming
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.