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Chemistry
Matter
Matter = something that has mass and takes up space (has volume)
Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
comes in 3 main phases (plasma is outside our scope)
Solid
Definite Shape
Definite Volume
Liquid
Indefinite Shape – takes the shape of the container
Definite Volume
Gas
Indefinite Shape – takes the shape of the container
Indefinite Volume – can expand and be compressed
Elements one of the 100+ pure substances
that make up everything in the universe
Examples of Elements
H = Hydrogen
C = Carbon
O = Oxygen
N = Nitrogen
S = Sulfur
Na = Sodium
Ca = Calcium
K = Potassium
I = Iodine
Cl = Chlorine
P = Phosphorus
Atom the smallest particle considered an element
Sub-atomic Particles
Protons p+ - positive
charge, in nucleus
Electrons - e- negative charge, orbiting
nucleus
Neutrons n0 – no
charge, in nucleus
Composition of Matter
The protons and neutrons are found at the center of the atom and are located in the nucleus.
Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass: number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus
Composition of Matter
Atomic number = 1 Atomic number = 2
Atomic mass = 1 Atomic mass = 4
Drawing an Atom of Carbon
C12.011
6
Atomic Mass
Atomic #
minus Atomic # = # of n0
= # of p+ and # of e-
Carbon has 6 p+ and 6 e-
Carbon has 6 n0
Drawing an Atom of Carbon
6 p+
6 n0
e-
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
Inert (Stable) Elements
• Have complete valence shells and are stable
• Octet Rule– Outer shell must be full
for atom to be stable– Shell 1 has 2
electrons– Shell 2 has 8 electrons
• 10 = 2 + 8– Shell 3 has 8 electrons
• 18 = 2 + 8 + 8
Figure 2.4a
Isotopes
• Isotopes: atom of the same element that has a different number of neutrons
• Identified by the mass number– Carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14
• Radioactive isotopes: their nuclei are unstable and break down at constant rate over time.
Compounds
Compounds - 2 or more elements chemically
combined to form a new substance with
new properties Properties – The way a
chemical substance looks and behaves
Compounds
Compounds – are made of 2 or more different atoms
combined to form Molecules
H + O H2O =
H
O
H
Chemical formula lists the number of different atoms
in a single molecule
Structural formula shows the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Molecules
Glucose Sugar
C6H12O6
Chemical formula
C
H
OH
C C
C
C CH
HH
H
H
HOH
O
OH
HOOH
Structural formula
Compounds
Inorganic
Compounds orOrganic
Compounds • usually don’t contain
Carbon
• generally come from the earth
• generally simple molecules
• always contain C & H and usually O, N, sometimes S & P
• originate in organisms
• generally complex molecules
Examples of Inorganic
Compounds
H + O = H2O = Water
H + Cl = HCl = Hydrochloric Acid
C + O = CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
Na + Cl = NaCl = Common Table Salt
Examples of Organic
Compounds
C, H + O Carbohydrates = Sugars, starches & cellulose
C, H + O Lipids = Fats & Oils
C, H, O, N, & sometimes P + S
Proteins
C, H, O, N, + P Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA
Interactions of Matter• Chemical bonds:
1. bond atoms to form compounds,
2. are formed according to the number of electrons in the outermost energy level, and
3. will not form when an atom has a full outer energy level
Interactions of Matter• To achieve stability, an atom will
gain, lose, or share electrons.
Interactions of Matter• Ionic bonds: formed by transfer of
electrons
–Ion: charged atom; Ions form when ionic bonds occur.
Ionic bonding-- electrons are transferred
sodium (Na)
chlorine (Cl)
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride (NaCl)
Interactions of Matter• Covalent bond: formed by sharing
of electrons• Co:together, valent: valence• involve outermost energy level only• very strong
Covalent bonding-- electrons are shared
Covalent bonding
Intermolecular Forces
• van der Waals Forces– Attraction charge
between the molecules
Summary:
Quiz
1. What is a atom?
2. What are the 3 subatomic particles in an atom?
3. What does the atomic number indicate?
4. If an atom has an atomic number of 35, how many electrons does it have?
5. How many electrons are on the first shell?
6. What type of bond shares electrons?
7. What type of bond gains or loses electrons?
Quiz-Answers
1. The smallest particle of an element or basic unit of matter
2. Proton, neutron, and electron
3. Number of protons
4. 35
5. 2
6. Covalent Bond
7. Ionic Bond
Interactions of Matter
• Chemical reaction: any process in which a chemical change occurs–If energy is released →
spontaneous–If energy is required → will NOT
occur without adding energy
Interactions of Matter• Reaction formulas: represent chemical
reactions; the arrow means “react to form”
–Example: O2 + 2H2 → 2H2O
• Catalyst: a chemical that speeds a reaction up to 10,000,000,000 times faster
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