Chapter 3 The Mediterranean and Middle East 2000-500 B.C.E

Chapter 3 Chapter 3 The Mediterranean and The Mediterranean and Middle East 2000-500 Middle East 2000-500

B.C.EB.C.E

Hittite EmpireHittite Empire

Capital - HattushaCapital - Hattusha

Another view of Hattusha - near present day Ankara -

central Turkey

Another view of Hattusha - near present day Ankara -

central Turkey

Hattusha – Lion’s Gate

Hattusha – Lion’s Gate

Hittite Chariots & Warriors

Hittite Chariots & Warriors

Hittite WritingHittite Writing

A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E.

A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E.

Hittite legacy

• Employed fearsome new technology of Employed fearsome new technology of horse-drawn chariotshorse-drawn chariots

• Historians believe they were first to Historians believe they were first to develop technique for making tools and develop technique for making tools and weapons of iron.weapons of iron.

• Challenged Egyptian dominance with Challenged Egyptian dominance with significant battle at Kadeshsignificant battle at Kadesh

End of the Hittite EmpireEnd of the Hittite Empire

• Their knowledge of metalwork soon traveled Their knowledge of metalwork soon traveled throughout the area with the Hittite traders throughout the area with the Hittite traders and through their conquests.and through their conquests.

• Although the Hittites were superior in war, Although the Hittites were superior in war, their empire came to a very abrupt end their empire came to a very abrupt end around 1190 BC. Invaders from the north around 1190 BC. Invaders from the north attacked and burned the Hittite cities.attacked and burned the Hittite cities.

The Battle of KadeshThe Battle of Kadesh

Treaty of Kadesh

Treaty of Kadesh

Ramses II at KadeshRamses II at Kadesh

New Kingdom EgyptNew Kingdom Egypt

• The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos in 1650 BCE.of the Hyksos in 1650 BCE.

• The Hyksos controlled the Nile River Delta – The Hyksos controlled the Nile River Delta – Lower Egypt – for about 70 years.Lower Egypt – for about 70 years.

• By 1500 BCE the Hyksos were expelled, the By 1500 BCE the Hyksos were expelled, the Hebrews were enslaved, and Egypt was Hebrews were enslaved, and Egypt was again unified by a pharaoh of the 18again unified by a pharaoh of the 18 thth dynasty.dynasty.

• This marks the beginning of the New This marks the beginning of the New Kingdom.Kingdom.

• The New Kingdom is dated 1550 BCE to The New Kingdom is dated 1550 BCE to 1075 BCE (1550-700 BCE in AP text).1075 BCE (1550-700 BCE in AP text).

• This was the period when Egyptian armies This was the period when Egyptian armies conquered extensive areas of land out side conquered extensive areas of land out side Egypt.Egypt.

• Some famous New Kingdom pharaohs Some famous New Kingdom pharaohs include:include:

• Ahmose – He expelled the Hyksos.Ahmose – He expelled the Hyksos.

• Thutmose I – (1512 BCE – 1500 BCE) – He Thutmose I – (1512 BCE – 1500 BCE) – He conquered Nubia to the South. He pushed conquered Nubia to the South. He pushed Egypt’s border further South than it had ever Egypt’s border further South than it had ever been.been.

Hatshepsut – the best known Hatshepsut – the best known female pharaoh (ca. 1500 female pharaoh (ca. 1500

BCE – 1482 BCE).BCE – 1482 BCE).

• Akhnaton (1367-1350 BCE) and his wife Akhnaton (1367-1350 BCE) and his wife Nefertiti.Nefertiti.

• Akhnaton attempted to found a (mostly) Akhnaton attempted to found a (mostly) monotheistic religion dedicated to Aton – a monotheistic religion dedicated to Aton – a god signifying the sun’s disc.god signifying the sun’s disc.

• This effort was bitterly opposed by the This effort was bitterly opposed by the priesthoods.priesthoods.

• Akhnaton’s faith died with him.Akhnaton’s faith died with him.

• One of the most important pharaohs of One of the most important pharaohs of the New Kingdom was Rameses II.the New Kingdom was Rameses II.

• He ruled from about ca. 1304 BCE to He ruled from about ca. 1304 BCE to ca. 1237 BCE. This was the longest ca. 1237 BCE. This was the longest reign of any pharaoh.reign of any pharaoh.

• He outlived most of his children and He outlived most of his children and grandchildren.grandchildren.

• Rameses II fought the Hittites at Kadesh Rameses II fought the Hittites at Kadesh around 1300 BCE and concluded a peace around 1300 BCE and concluded a peace treaty with them after the two armies fought to treaty with them after the two armies fought to a standstill.a standstill.

• Rameses II’s monuments claimed Kadesh Rameses II’s monuments claimed Kadesh was a great victory!was a great victory!

• Rameses II was perhaps the most prolific Rameses II was perhaps the most prolific builders of any of Egypt’s pharaohs.builders of any of Egypt’s pharaohs.

Minoans of CreteMinoans of Crete

Ø On the island of Crete

ØBy 2000 B.C.E. the Island of Crete had first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies.

ØThey had a centralized government, monumental building, bronze metallurgy, writing and record keeping

ØArchaelogists named after King Minos who ruled a vast naval empire

ØWorshipped one goddess with many faces, most likely, or multiple goddesses

End of MinoansEnd of Minoans

• All the Cretan palaces except Cnossus All the Cretan palaces except Cnossus were deliberately destroyed around were deliberately destroyed around 1450 B.C.E.1450 B.C.E.

• Since Mycenaen Greeks took over at Since Mycenaen Greeks took over at Cnossus, most historians regard them Cnossus, most historians regard them as the likely destroyers of Minoansas the likely destroyers of Minoans

Phoenician Sea Routes

Phoenician Sea Routes

A Phoenician Bireme Ship

A Phoenician Bireme Ship

The “Royal Purple” Dye

The “Royal Purple” Dye

Phoenician City of Byblos:

“Home of the Alphabet”

Phoenician City of Byblos:

“Home of the Alphabet”

Phoenician AlphabetPhoenician Alphabet

Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest ColonyCarthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony

The Assyrian EmpireThe Assyrian Empire

Assyrian Military Power

Assyrian Military Power

Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s

gods.

Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s

gods.

Jewish Captives: 8c BCE

Jewish Captives: 8c BCE

Babylon under the Chaldeans

Babylon under the Chaldeans

Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon

Ishtar Gate

Ishtar Gate

Hanging Gardensof Babylon?

Hanging Gardensof Babylon?

Israelites in CaptivityIsraelites in Captivity

Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near

East

Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near

East

The Great Library at Alexandria.

Egypt

The Great Library at Alexandria.

Egypt