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Tavi 12: motivacia
ra aris motivacia
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi
motivaciis wyaroebi
kveba
kvebis fiziologia
kvebis fsiqologia
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: genebi da simsuqne
seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqcia
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
homoseqsualoba
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia
Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
171
1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze” (On Top oh the World) Jurnalisti rebeka
stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers everestze asvlas. wignis dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis
dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:
,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul cota, orasi an
samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul
Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze maRali adgilia msoflioSi da
arsebobs uamravi mizezi, romelic misken iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT
polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken.”
mogvinebiT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da safrTxe,
am ,,romantikas“ pirquSi realoba cvlis. muxedavad amisa, avtori midis gasaocar daskvnamde mas
Semdeg, rac TiTi daiziana:
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi moCanda,
burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele iyo...amis gakeTeba”, _
buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma mTasvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli
vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari
Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,” _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc
momrCenoda, SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiere iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000 futis (7800 metris)
simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da,
Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba ase Zviri _
sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans da sakmaod mSvidad da, Cemda gasaocrad,
davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo:
rogorme iolad gaval nekis gareSec.“ (gv.90-91).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad unda
gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: ,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec”? arsebobs raime mizani, romlis
gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT? sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefanis mTaze
asvlis dros... ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs
mTis mwvervalze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu sxva raime mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni,
jiutni, Seupovarni raime miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri
danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba? da bolos, did xans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis miRwevas, Tu
maleve gaanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs mimarTaven
im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, moxda an ar moxda. Tqven SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba bosi Tavis
gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom saqoneli gayidoT,” megobari SeiZleba
saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris
motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri moTxroba da SeecadoT, warmoidginoT danaSaulis motivi da
amiT daikmayofiloT sakuTari mizani deteqtivis mkvlelTan idetifikaciis gamo. Mmilioni adamianis msgavsad
172
msoflioSi, Tqvenc SeiZleba miwebebuli xarT yoveldRiurad sapnis operebs (teleserilebs) iseTi motivebis
gamosavlenad, rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocanaa Teoriuli safuZvlis uzrunvelyofa motivaciis aseTi magaliTebisTvis.
rogor SeuZlia motivaciur mdgomareobas, gavlena moaxdinos sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis Sedegebze?
ratom imatebs zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde mivides
SimSiliT? Aaris Tu ara Cveni seqsualuri qceva determinirebuli genetikuri memkvidreobiT? am TavSi Tqven
SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi
fundamentaluri fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogorica SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebiT, rogorica pirovnuli miRweva. magram Tqven naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia
erTmaneTisagan gamijno fsiqologia da fiziologia. xandaxan iseTi mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi), rogoricaa
SimSili, romelic, erTi SexedviT, biologiuri Cans, konkurencias uwevs pirovnuli kontrolis individualur
moTxovnilebas da xSirad socialuri aRiareba (mimRebloba) gansazRvravs xolme kvebiT paternebs.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis kvlevisa da
bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli
sxvadasxvagavarad mniSvnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi, mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba
laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac niSnavs “moZraoba”. organizmebi moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da
aqtivobebis mimarTulebiT, da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis
Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi sxnis rogorc cxovelTa TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis
CaTvliT, ,,moZraobis” zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis
funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT, romliTac
motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da prognozirebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebas gamoyofen:
qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ rogorc biologiur organizmebi, Tqven flobT kompleqsur Sinagan
meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben, Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da gexmarebian sicocxlis
SenarCunebaSi. ratom adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi deprivaciis Sinagani mdgomareoba warmoadgens trigers (sasxlets) sxeulis
reaqciisaTvis, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis
aRsadgenad.
qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad da meore
dRes cudad. ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre
meore, romelsac igive unarebi da codna gaaCnia. fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas,
rodesac adamianis mier davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis cvalebedoba ucvlel
173
situaciaSi ver aixsneba unarebis, gamocdilebis, praqtikis sxvadasxvaobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu
Tqven gsurT diliT adre adgoma damatebiT samecadinod, magram Tqven megobars _ ara, maSin,
SesaZloa, es mivaweroT Tqveni da Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur mdgomareobebs.
subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva is
sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas?
fsiqologebi da diletantebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev
Sinagan mizezebze daskvnaze. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis interpretacias savaraudo
mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni
qcevis mimarTac. Tqven xSirad cdilobT, gaarkvioT Tqveni qceva garedanaa motivirebuli Tu
Signidan.
imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmdebebze pasuximgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cneba
ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTikisaTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan
motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuximgeblebi arian
sakuTar moqmedebebze, roca: (1) ar fiqroben, rom maT qcevas uaryofiT Sedegebi eqneba, (2) roca
eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria imisaTvis, rom qceva gamoiwvios, an (3) roca
qmedebaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amgvarad, motivaciis
Teoriam SeiZleba axsnas qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi.
araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miznisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da daJinebis axsna
_ gavixsenoT rabeka stefensis wignidan warmodgenili citatebi, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare
Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben mTaze
asvlas? bolo mizezi, ratomac fsiqologebi motivacias swavloben, imis axsnas, Tu ratom axorcielebs
organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT ioli SeiZleba iyos am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT samsaxurSi Tu mecadineobaze maSinac ki,
roca amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT TamaSi
maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.
axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im garemo pirobebze, sadac fsiqologebi mimarTaven motivaciis
cnebas qcevis winaswarmetyevelebisa da axsnisaTvis. mivubrundebiT gamocdilebis konkretuli sferoebis
ganxilvamde, gavexnoT motivaciis zogad wyaroebs.
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia erTi aqtiobisaTvis meoresTan
SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) moigo safrangeTis turne (Tour de France) _
sportis istoriaSi es iyo sportsmenis dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi. 1996 wels mas testikularuli
simsivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis
dasrulebis Semdeg, amstrongma varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi man msoflios yvelaze
174
prestiJul SejibrebSi moipova gamarjveba; 2000 wels ki kvlav moigo safrangeTis turne. cilismwameblebi
ambobdnen, rom visac amstrongma ajoba, susti velomrbolelebi iyvnen. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam
daamtkica, rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli avadmyofobis
Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni sxeulisTvis arc Tu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom rac ar
unda yofiliyo misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis? Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara
adamianTa umravlesoba aseve, Tu isini igive situaciaSi aRmoCndebian? warmoadgens Tu ara misi qceva
pirovnebisa da situaciis maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis (interaqciis) Sedegs? motivaciis wyaroebis ukeT
gasarkvevad, vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris.
daviwyoT im Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT xsnis.
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
rogorc Cans, motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivia: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT, Tu grZnobT, rom
gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani
ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad ganaviTara klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952). halis azriT, ltolva aris Sinagani
mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod. organizmi cdilobs
SeinarCunos iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis wonasworoba anu homeostazi, rogoricaa: _ sxeulis
temperatura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac deprivacia arRvevs
wonasworobas anu qmnis daZabulobas. es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcirebisken anu reduqciisken
ubiZgebs; rodesac ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets
moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba
sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis
mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romlsac sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba, vinaidan
is ukavSirdeba sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis Semcirebas.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna? udaod, ara.
warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis
mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da sasmelia,
isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saWmlisa da sasmelisken;
mxolod cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965;
Zimbardo & Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi, axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias
xarjavdnen maT garemoSi mocemuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze da, rogorc
Canda, amas akeTebdnen ,,maimunobiT, garTobiT” siamovnebis misaRebad, yovelgvari garegani
waxalisebis gareSe. (Harlow et al., 1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolvebiT: qceva
motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba
biologiur moTxovnilebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen
momarTulni da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda, rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda.
asevea adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT
175
internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad? ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da
aRgaSfoTebT? ratom WamT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad gamokvebili brZandebiT? TiToeul
SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asrulebs, romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis miRebisa da wylis dalevis biologiur zewolas
ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac daemorCilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi
Tanamedrove midgoma, romelic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba konkurentuli motivaciuri
mdgomareobebis Seswavlas; esaa reversiis Teoria.
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis
mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.
reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria
ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael Apter, 1989; Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma, ganaviTares axali
Teoria, romelic, aseve, uaryofs motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. nacvlad amisa, aRniSnuli
Teoria uSvebs, rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1,
wyvilebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi Seadgenen. Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul
momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad.
Tu gadaxedavT cxrils, naxavT, Tu rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili araTavsebad motivaciur
mdgomareobebs. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom samsaxureobriv situaciaSi imyofebiT. ra gsurT mocemul
momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba Tu
sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis
Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore, sawinaaRmdego
mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli
mdgomareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac iseTi moqmedebebs axorcielebT,
romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT; xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,
rodesac axorcielebT iseT moqmdebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul
momentSi. magaliTad, am wuTas, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos
kiTxulobT _ Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an
axal disks mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTelikur
mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtobrivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT an erT, an
meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze mkafiod SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi reversiis tipebi.
reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani formas aReniSnebaT adamianebs, romlebic CarTulni arian iseT
maRal-riskian aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma.
cxrili 12.1. metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
176
Telikuri
seriozuli
mizanze orientirebuli
upiratesobas aniWebs winaswar dagegmvas
Tavs aridebs SfoTvas
surs progresi da miRweva
paraTelikuri
mxiaruli
aqtivobaze orientirebuli
cxovrobs am momentiT
eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas
surs mxiaruleba da garToba
konformisti
damyoli
surs wesebis dacva
tradiciuli
sasiamovno
surs morgeba
negativisti
meamboxe
surs wesebis darRveva
aratradiciuli
gabrazebuli
surs damoukidebloba
mbrZanebloba
Zalauflebaze orientirebuli
cxovrebad brZolad miiCnevs
mkacri azrovneba
kontrolze koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba
TanagrZnoba (simpatia)
zrunvaze orientirebuli
cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs
mgrZnobiare
sikeTeze koncentrirebuli
surs sinaze da mofereba
auturi
upiratesad sakuTar Tavze koncentrirebuloba
egocentruli
sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia
aloikuri
upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba
sxvebTan identifikacia
sxvebis grZnobebze koncentracia
saidan viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es gasarTobad gaakeTes?
Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan
gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis daZabulobas, vidre _ amcirebs. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, paraSutiT
gadaxtoma warmoadgens Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas. Telikur
mdgomareobaSi aRgznebis maRali done, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadaxtomamde, iwvevs SfoTvis
warmoqmnas. paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aRfrTovaneba.
amgvarad, Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri
SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebma monacemebi paraSutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen
SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis Semdeg.
monacemebma aCvena aSkara reversia: gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar arian
aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen (magram ar
SfoTavdnen). es aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti gadadioda
Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi (Apter & Batler, 1997).
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xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis
sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri
mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelic arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis.
instinqturi qceva da daswavla
ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom biologiuri
saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts marTavs instinqtebi anu winaswar daprogramebuli tendenciebi,
romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis
repertuars, romelic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli curavs
aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs,
axteba CanCqerebs da midis zustad daniSnul adgilze, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri oragulebi
Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas asruleben. ganayofierebul qviriTs dayris Semdeg mSoblebi kvdebian.
momavalSi, roca maTi dro dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi
manamde, sanam ramdenime wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis dro ar mova. aseTive
STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi. futkari sakvebis
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems, WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad
dadis nadirobis eqspediciebSi, Citebi aSeneben budeebs, obobebi xlaraTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs _
zustad iseve, rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.
adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniSvnelobis
gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva
cxovelze metad eyrdnobian instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi, rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda
qcevaTa fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiur instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan saerTo
aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa simpaTia,
socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, aseve adamianuri _
instinqtebi miznobrivi iyo anu emsaxurebodnen mniSvnelovan miznebs anu asruleben mniSvnelovan
funqciebs organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidi (Sigmund Freud, 1915) gvTavazobs, rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi
aRmocendeba sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas
miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi mimarTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac es energia ver ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba
ubiZgebs adamians aqtivobis an/da obieqtisken, romelic Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT,
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu
Rrmad aracnobierSi); Tumca, maTi gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria
imis gamo, rom instinqtebi mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen
adamianebs (Cven am mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
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1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia (Bernard, 1924).
Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universaluri amxsnelis, cneba
eWvis qveS dadga da kritikis sagnad iqca. kros-kulturulma anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict,
1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939) sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia
aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili instinqtebis
universalurobas ganixilavdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis empiriuli
demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da emociebi daswvlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT
demonstraciebs Tqven me-7-e Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad
mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu
gsurT, axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara, Tqven ar
gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna, garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara.
aseT pirobebSi Tqven saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom
erTi cxoveli „motivirebulia“, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: _ me-7-e TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro iolad
daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT (ix. gv. ??) amitom TiToeuli
cxoveli axorcielebs daswavlili da instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias. amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis
qcevis axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, unda icodeT rame:
_ (1) mocemuli cxovelis saxeobis istoriidan _ romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis
nawili? (2) konkretuli mocemuli cxovelis istoriidan _ garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri
erToblioba aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi motivacia im gavlenaSi mdgomareobs,
rasac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7-e Tavs: Cven vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWv
qveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria sakmarisia cxovelis
qcevis yvela detalis asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi
aqtivobebi.
molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi
ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan“, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi da misi sami
megobari kargad gaisarjnen, raTa zurmuxtis qalaqamde mieRwiaT: _ maT daZlies barierebi da
SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari
miscemda maT imas, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad, saocarma (da brZenma) jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad
maT, da ara jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli ar
warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli usafrTxoebis da
komfortis gancda iyo: _ saxli iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms surda; Wkua,
romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia,
romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze,
aramed, rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze, romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis qveynidan
aSkarad aris erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologTagani, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis
mniSvnelovneba misi miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
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Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri qcevebis
mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad. isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani
motivacia aRmocendeba ara garesamyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed realobis subieqturi
interpretaciebidan. dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba, Tu Tqven ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma
qmedebam ganapiroba es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT,
pasuximgebeli iyo warsulis warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da
(3) imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu
ratom arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava
socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7-e TavSi ganvixilavdiT
dakvirvebiT daswavlas). roterisaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT mocemuli qcevas
(moemzadebiT gamocdisTvis da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli
miznis (kargi niSnis miReba) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic mohyveba am aqtivobas da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli
Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs
makoregirebeli qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957, Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu
aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven
SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa ukeT moergoT jgufs.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958)
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba mieweros iseT
dispoziciur Zalebs, rogoricaa Zalisxmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda iseT situaciur Zalebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia
gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi
niSani Zalisxmevis ararsebobis Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT, rom
miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens (Dweck, 1975).
amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis, SeiZleba, nawilobriv,
damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur intepretaciaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxavadasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan, rom
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamomwvevis Sinagani da garegani faqtorebi erTmaneTisgan gamijvna.
ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic
gavlenas axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi. rodesac organizmebi iwyeben
sakuTar qcevaze fiqrs _ risi midrekilebac gansakuTrebiT aqvT adamianebs _ molodini imisa, Tu ra unda
moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, iwyebs motivaciis uzrunvelyofas. adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba
sakuTar Tavs miaweros, zogi ki _ garesamyaros.
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis danarCen
nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips, romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba; esaa
kveba, seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli miRweva.
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Sejameba
fsiqologebi iyeneben motivaciur cnebebs imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron biologia da qceva;
axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba; daaskvnan zogadi qmdebebidan kerZo mdgomareobaze; moqmedi
subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebis asaxsnelad,
romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis
Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani
wyaroebidan da romeli _ organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli
faqtorebidan. ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc
wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTac aris motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur
moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis mixedviT,motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur
mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc Sinagani, aseve
garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis molodinebze da imaze, Tu
rogor axdens adamiani samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.
kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi aseTi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze Caweril students
unda SevTavazoT picis naWeri. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom SeWams studenti picis
naWers? ar gindaT, gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia”. bolo
qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis
organizeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna anu informacia am
studentis Sesaxeb. ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami students? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven, aseve,
dagWirdebodaT garegani codna anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara
students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, Cven ukve,
garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegebzec ki,
rogoricaa studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac
evoluciam aRgvWurva sakvebis misaRebad.
kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT,
romlebic qmnian SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur gancdas (Logue, 1991). sakvebis efeqtianad misaRebad,
organizmi aRWurvili unda iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani
moTxovnilebis dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da
raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba, Tu rodis aris sakmarisi miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis
Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna maTi dakavSirebiT sxeulis sxadasxva nawilis iseT
periferiul meqanizmebTan, rogoricaa kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur meqanizmebTan,
rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misaTiTeblad, rom is
carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas
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miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn)
gaivarjiSa da gadaylapa rezinis milze mimagrebuli gauberavi buSti. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda
mowyobilobas, romelzec registrirdeboda haeris wnevis cvlebadoba. Semdeg qenonma gabera buSti
studentis kuWSi. rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams.
uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli SimSiliT gamowveuli tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier
SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobaze kuWis
spazmebis pasuxismgebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma kvl;evebma
aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas. carieli kuWis
mqone cxovelis sixlSi Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, magram ar qreba SimSilis grZnoba.
pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZnobasTan
dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi mainc daiswavlidnen
labirinTs sakvebiT dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili
SegrZneba SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is amomwuravad
ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis
miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucilebelobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas „savse“
kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba
individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis
wnevis wyaros mimarT. sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris
maniSneblebis perioferiul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis anu sisavsis
gancdas. SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli
kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari
sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis naklebi Semcvelobis mqone
sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakvebisadmi „swrafvis“ aseTi
dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos.
Tumca, ,,specifikuri“ sensorul-specifikur simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris
damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze, romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mravalferovani da sxvadasxva
gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli,
gemo aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et, al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba,
romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis erTmaneTs,
SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom ukve
sakmarisad miirTva,.
axla gavecnoT Tavi tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi da sadac
erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.
centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da
mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac
182
saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, aigeboda lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze
(hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze 3.10. gv. ??). gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tu
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs
moixmarda. magram Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeboda, rom lateraluri hipoTalamusi dazianebuliyo (an
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi yofiliyo stimulirebuli), cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmarda. am dakvirvebam
ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda ,,SimSilis“ centrad,
xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRris centrad“.
Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore (Martin et al.,
1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im
sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh
ver iqneba ubralo centri, romelic gadascems signalebs: _ ,,kidev Wame“ an ,,aRar Wamo“ _ signali
damokidebulia sakvebis tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos
sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri
reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa, moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama iqneba .
Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT, moWarbebulma
refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas. nawili yvelaze
mniSvnelovani informaciisa, romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis
nakadTan erTad midis. (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi glukozis formiT aris warmoadgenili) da
cximebi warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis
ori ZiriTadi signali modis receptorebidan, romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas
sisxlSi. rodesac metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis
ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi cvlian aqtivobas am
informaciis sapasuxod. sxva hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani
mJavebis an insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis
gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul qcevas. signali,
rom sisxlSi mravlad aris glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis
maniSnevelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT
da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca, mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis darwmunebiT
gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul
signalebze. vnaxoT, ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom mivirTvaT bevri an cota.
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis
raodenobas. magram miirTmevT Tu ara Tqven mxolod maSin, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba:
_ ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!“ Tu gadaxedavT ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva,
roca Tqvens mier sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi
miRebulia dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba,
183
vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad kiborCxala miirTvaT ufasod? Tqveni
pasuxi, albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze, xarT morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars
ityodiT) Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara
iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar aris
sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba, rom sakvebis miReba
ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis SegrZnebas? Tu adamianebTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT
gulgrili imis mimarT, Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqvens mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni sxeulis formasa da
zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas Cven did yuradRebas davuTmobT im viTarebebis ganxilvas,
romelSic adamianebi cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon
sxeulis formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.
wuxxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni
pasuxi iqneba „diax“, Tumca, dResdReobiT amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari wonis
gamo: qalebis 52% da mamakacebis 37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994). sinamdvileSi ki
qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom, isev
Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa da am realobis maTeul
aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg
aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis
saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: genebi da simsuqne
21-e saukune mecnierTa STambeWdavi gancxadebiT daiwyo: mkvlevrebma, romlebic muSaobdnen
proeqtSi „adamianis genomi“, ganacxades, rom isini Zalian axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri
safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan. am proeqtis saboloo mizani iyo im genebis sruli aRwera, romliTac
aigeba genomi. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen adamianis
sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi daavadebebis genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli aqvs, aris simsuqne. mkvlevrebma mogvawodes
uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu
naklebi wonisken. magaliTad, identuri tyupebis Seswavlam gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonebs Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT, rom ZiriTadi
funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis sxeulis mier kaloriebis dawvis intensioba anu metaboluri procesebis
intensioba mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al.,
1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis drosac ki didi raodenobiT kaloriebis
dawvis Tandayolili predispozicia axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swored es ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis
momatebis risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi realuri genetikuri meqanizmi, romlebic
individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad,
gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi
184
sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al.,
1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs Wamas, amis potenciuri
Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire
raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas kidec maTi zedmeti wona
(Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis
uamrav sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom leptini garkveul rols
asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi, mkvlevebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis moZiebisa da
SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba simsuqnis problemis axleburi gadawyveta.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa da wonis regulacias Soris kavSiris aRmoCena maT
axali medikamenturi mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems (Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre
ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda: kvlevis dros leptiniT manipulirebam jev ver moaxdina
mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze. Tumca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti
winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba
wonis regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000). yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobili
mkvlevrebic ki gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac
maT damxmare saSualebad gamoviyenebT (da ara Camnacvleblad) mZimewoniani adamianebis
cxovrebis stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis metaboluri procesebi, janmrTeloba da
cxovrebis xarisxi” (Campfield et al., 1998, p. 1987). sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu
ramdenad SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs
gadamwyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb gverdebi:
www.Ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia proeqtis „adamianis genomi“
Sedegebi.
www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi simsuqnesa da
wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra „fsiqologia da cxovreba“-s, albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda
iyos axali, pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia 21-e
saukuneSi” aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina „bunebam“: zogierTi adamiani
genetikurad aris midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi,
rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba ,,aiZulo“. bilogiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs
adamiani sakvebsa da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas
sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba, rom
rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare
signalebs. Tumca, es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis
185
ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani
fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti
ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis fsiqologias, aris SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaoba (Polivy & Herman,
1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba
miscen Tavs: isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom
msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi
SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli mWameli misi sxeulis zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben adamianebi
wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs
aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis moxsnas, isini
TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebeloba
yvelaze xSiria maSin, rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT
SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas ukavSirdeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).
saidan viciT
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SuzRudav mWamelebze
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis mixedviT kolejis 96
studenti gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis piri) da SeuzRudavi (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad.
studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic
Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen. davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas
aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis
mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis
pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen, rom eqsperimentis
dawyebamde SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamowmeblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo
maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da „eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari, misi mtkicebis
miuxedavad“ ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, p. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis gareSe,
eqsperimentatorebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni namcxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi SfoTavdnen, isini orive
tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad,
Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti
raodenobiT Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva iwvevda zogad TavSeukaveblobas im
namcxvrebis mimarTac ki, romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
186
cxrili 12.2 SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba
am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni
gamowveva TviTSefasebisTvis _
mokle sityviT gamosvlis albaToba,
romelic unda Sefasdebuliyo,
SezRudul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti
sakvebis miRebas iwvevda, vidre
SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am
kvlevam aCvena, rom, zogadad,
SezRuduli mWamelebi mxolod
maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas safrTxe emuqreba;
msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis
miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis
TviTSefasebas miayenes. rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom maT ver SeZles problemis
gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas
aiZulebdnen _ ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis videoCanawers. (Heatherton et al., 1993).
rodesac am cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTar warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met nayins,
vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi
qalebi monawileoben. mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis
dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwonis adamiani aRniSnavs,
rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli
movlena moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis
momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis
gamowveva da ara _ wonis dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur
Zalebs adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati
am qveTavs daviwyebT kvebis fsiqologuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im adamianTa
jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic
marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris
sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs. anoreqsiis diagnostireba
xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia
gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian „Rormucelobis“
SetevebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan sdevs Warbi
kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _ TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba,
SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV, 1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic
axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis
SeuzRudavi
mWamelebi
SezRuduli
mWamelebi
gansxvaveb
a
gemrieli namcxvrebi
sakontrolo jgufi
mSfoTvare jgufi
6.2
5.1
5.1
7.6
-1.1
+2.5
ugemuri namcxvrebi
sakontrolo jgufi
mSfoTvare jgufi
3.0
2.7
2.6
3.7
-0.4
+1.0
187
Sewovis Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms
SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi
SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilobebis
ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia aReniSneba mozardobis dasasrulisa da
axalgazrda qalebis daaloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT
itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs garkveuli
mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes
(Strober, 1992). Tumca, gamokvlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri wonis Sesaxeb qalebis
warmodgenaze, romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri
Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs wonis dakleba; rasac ver
vityviT, Jurnalebze, romlebsac mamakacebi kiTxuloben (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis
warmodgenam, rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos
sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamkacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi,
nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, dadasturda mTeli rigi kvlevebiT, sadac naCvenebi iyo
mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi.
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis
85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned
aRiqvams.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT,
rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
saidan viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zoma sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis universitetis 349 studenti gamokiTxes kvebasTan da
dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb. am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad
imisa, rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba yofila odesRac dietaze
(aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _
hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix.
suraTi 12.1) amoerCiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.
studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom mamakacis
sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli
qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi:
„idealuri“ mamakaci imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli,
rogorc wesi, icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli
studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras
(Cogen et al., 1996).
188
sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si? mamakacebis ideals?
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul
qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq
simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan asocirdeba“ (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze
xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebulia konkretulad qalebisTvis da
konkretulad haneli mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis
povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam cxadhyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi
gacilebiT komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikeli gogonebi
(Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac Savi da TeTrkaniani kolejis studenti
gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi
aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi
parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan
gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi ufro metad
arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afromerikeli qalbatonebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ararsebobs
zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda ori populaciis gamocdilebas am aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi
raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian am
aSlilobebs (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac Seswavlili iqneboda sxva rasobrivi da
eTnikuri jgufebi, magram arsebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev ufro naklebad
gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT), magram Tanabrad _ espanuri
warmoSobis amerikelebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. Yyoveli moZiebuli SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben
kulturuli faseulobebis dakavSirebas sxeulis zomasa da dietis dacvasTan.
sur. 12.2. sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi
saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs
kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT
midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejis swavlisas gogonebs
189
mamakaci s i deal ur i sxeul i
3
4
5
6
7
aSS hana
mamakac ebi s ar Cevani qal ebi s ar Cevani
qal i s i deal ur i sxeul i
3
4
5
6
7
aSS hana
mamakac ebi s ar Cevani qal ebi s ar Cevani
SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _
warmoqmnili daZabulobis daZleva imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg
„ganiwmindon“ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda icodeT, rom
kolejis cxovreba moicavs aseT safrTxes.
Sejameba
SimSili gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri simaZRre, aseve
centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas
axdens memkvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi ,aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi, Tu
ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani. mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc SezRuduls da
SeuzRudavs. SezRudul mWamels aqvs tendencia miiRos uzomo raodenobis sakvebi, rodesac safrTxe
emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba.
rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas axdens misi
subkulturuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikel qalbatonebs naklebad
wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.
seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis
Sesaxeb? iolia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra _ gamravleba (reproduqcia), magram ramdenad
aixsneba amiT is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT
fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel mainc
mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac
adamianebi fiqroben seqsze? rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben adamianebi garkveuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebis aris
aucilebeli. Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli
da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs mis
yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia
gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi warmoadgens uZlieres ganmamtkicebels im energiis
sazRaurad, romelic ixarjeba Sewyvilebis dros.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aZlevs, romelic gacilebiT
aRemateba Tavad reproduqciis moTxovnilebas. individi ganaxorcielebs mravalferovan qcevebs, raTa
miaRwios seqsualur dakmayofilebas. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs.
kultura adgens misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs
am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas, zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas,
upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb
cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.
190
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss
reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi
gamoimuSaveben didi zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia sakmarisi energiiT, raTa embrionma
zrda daiwyos), xolo mamrebi gamoimuSaveben spermatozoidebs, romlebac SeuZliaT moZraoba
(kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis). orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos moqmedebebis
sinqronizacia, rom saTanado pirobebSi spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moxdes
Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im
hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da
romlebsac gamoimuSaves sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi. mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da
is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba sakmarisi raodenobiT; Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis
nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis. Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi hormoni
estrogeni, rogorc wesi, gamomuSavdeba dReebis an Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis
mixedviT. amasTan, mdedrebi hormonalurad yovelTvis ar arian mzad SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad udevs
prognozirebadi stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis paterns saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven
naxeT virTxebis erTi wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve iciT, rogor iqcevian
danarCenebi. mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis yuradRebas.
Semdeg mamri Tvals miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. mdedri uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis
ukana nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev
gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola, romelic eakulaciamde 10-20-jer wydeba calkeuli intromisiebiT. amis
Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve
xanmokled wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami). siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZliavia da grZeldeba
daaxloebiT rva saaTi. mtaceblebs, magaliTad loms axasiaTebs xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ritualiT tkboba _ arc
meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis,
magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis dros
xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis potenciuri
partnioris mier ritualuri qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens
seqsualuri raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali
mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve
miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri aqtivoba, roca
mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva,
aseve, garegani stimulis rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4-e TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi saxeoba gamoyofs qimiur
signalebs _ feromonebs, romlebic izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al.,
1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad
aris momzadebuli ganayofierebisTvis, hormonebis koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks aRwevs.
amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyofili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia aRgznebisa da
191
yuradRebis miqcevisTvis; maT memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba. rodesac
datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi iynosavs SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns mezobel galiaSi,
is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT, reagirebs,
romlebic sqesobrivi aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia cxovelebSi mniSvnelovwilad Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT
aris ganpirobebuli, is kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli“ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
Sewyvilebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT erTgvari Tevzebis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris SerCevisas
umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs,
romelTa SeferilobaSic forToxlisferi Warbobs. Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad forToxlisfrad aris
Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic SeniSnes sxva mdedrTan. magram ra
xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva“) da aRzrda (,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis
arCeva“) upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma gamozardes iseTi
mamri gupebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi Seferilobis 0-40%-
iT. ,,eqsperimentuli“ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad
Seferil mamri gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen; sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ver akvirdebodnen Sewyvilebis
qcevas. suraTi 12.3. gviCvenebs bunebisa da aRzrdis Sedegs. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis
SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi irCeven im mewyviles, romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca
gansxvaveba ukiduresi xdeba(daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans ,,bunebis” sasargeblod _
irCeven ufro metad narinjisfer gupebs (Dugatkin, 1996).
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom es uwyinari Tevzebi, romlebic akvariumSi cxovroben, yuradRebas
aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada
safuZveli, raTa adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mkvlevrebi
darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc
Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi adamianebis prioritetebi.
sur. 12.3. mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva
mdedri gupebi, eqsperimentul jgufSi xedaven
sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisfer mamri gupis axlos.
192
mdedri gupebi ,,sakontrolo“ jgufSi ver akvirdebian
sxva mdedris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom
arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris.
Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis
SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs im mamrs, romelic
sxva mdedrma ukve airCia. Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi
gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian
arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven narinjisfer
mamrs.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi
hormonalur aqtivobas, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi
ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi. Tumca, normis farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi individualuri
gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni
testosteroni aucilebelia seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqeibrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60
wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvT, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia
normaluri seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raodenobis individualuri variacia normis farglebSi
ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aris aRelvebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba,
romelsac iwvevs fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqcia erotikul stimulze. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos
fizikuri an fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT gamowveuli
seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac pirovneba damakmayofilebel
moqmedebaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi.
mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur
reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla adamianebTan akrZaluli iyo.
uiliam mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es
tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom laboratoriul
pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda
adamianebis mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas, Tu
ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini
sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da jonsonma
ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise mamakacze da qalze masturbaciisa
da sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: _ (1) mamakacebi da qalebi seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT
xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi
msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvlebadni arian _ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, magram xSirad _ ufro xangrZlivi
reaqciisken; (3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca
193
mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan
asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi gamoyofen oTx fazas, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, orgazmi da
gadawyveta (ix. suraTi 12.4).
sur. 12.4. adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis fazebi
mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad
gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi
miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.
agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans grZeldeba)
menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskularuli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba,
klitori ibereba; sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba anu Cndeba
seqsualuri siwiTle.
platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba guliscema
da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva, Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie
kunTuri daZabuloba mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da mkerdebi ibereba.
orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian aqamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabulobis gantvirTvis
Zalze intensiur sasiamovno gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic
warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise
qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _ ormagdeba. mamakacebSi
pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, spermis amofrqvevas.
gadawyvetis anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebamdel
mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa
umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze), romelic
grZeldeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde. am drois manZilze kidev erTi orgazmis
miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda
sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis
kvleva fokusirdeboda seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze,
maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc
aRgznebaSi, ise _ dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri
procesebis centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes,
rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri
mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre fiziologiuri; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi modificireba an Terapiis
saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis
miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli problemebiT datvirTuloba,
SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo, SfoTva imis gamo, Tu rogor Seafasebs partniori individis
seqsualur moqmedebebs, aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba,
daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi raodenibiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve, amcirebs seqsualur
ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars.
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _
aRgznebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri
mdgomareoba, romlic aRmocendeba erotikul
stimulebze fiziologiuri da kognituri
reaqciebiT.
194
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fiziologiuri aspeqti,
magram jer ar gvisaubria im Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben gansxvavebebs seqsualur qcevebSi.
daviwyebT im ideiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs
seqsualuri qcevis gansxavebul paternebs.
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.
umTavresi mizania reproduqcia _ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba da seqsualuri qceva Zalze
ritualizebuli da streotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis
Sesaxebac?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes idea imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma da
qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999;
Wright, 1994). imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es strategiebi, unda gavixsenoT zogierTi realia adamianis
reproduqcidan. mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu
moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais
kovzi sperma da ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod
erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda dauTmon.
(sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena, aris 50, magram
mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels hyavda 7000 Svili;
CineTis pirveli imperatorze amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. orive maTgans hqonda didi
haramxana.)
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom mamrebs
konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema, romelic dgas mamri
cxovelis winaSe, mis mier warmoqmnili STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad gazrdaa, rac miiRweva
SeZlebisdagvarad didi raodenobis mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT. magram ZiriTadi problema, romelic dgas
mdedri cxovelis winaSe, aris maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebna, raTa uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze
janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebisaTvis. ufro metic, adamianis
STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom
saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da
obobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma
Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod yvelaze didi,
yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed
mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebeliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo
bavSvebis gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali ganaviTareben sxvadasxva strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs
moklevadiani da grZelvadiani SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia _
erTgulebisa da valdebulebis Cveneba da Semdeg mitoveba _ moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili
strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalTan im erTguli
mamakacis moxibvlis startegia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani
195
strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan. erTni
amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes
moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom
mamakaci SemdgomSi izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian
dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamamakacebi (Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom
moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovenebeli
dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis prognozebis
mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.
maaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas
axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
saidan viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba
mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis esa Tu is qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgufma Camoayaliba
hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalebis menstrualuri ciklis
fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi
gamoiyeneboda, cvlidnen kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise, rom mieRoT diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri
saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT yvelaze mimzidveli saxe
„grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis“, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri
Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda imaze, rom is
sando da saimedo partniori iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani „moklevadiani
urTierTobisTvis“ damokidebuli iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri ciklis im
fazaSi imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT maskulinur
saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im
saxidan, romelic ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli „kargi mzrunveli“ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic
metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi genebi“ hqonda.
am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is mainc
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmarTavdes Cveni evuluciuri istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis mraval
prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier,
1999). magaliTad, qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi avlenen
met mravalferovnebas seqsualur reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi, vidre mamamkacebi (Baumeister, 2000).
es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik, 2000).
gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis „seqsualuri revolucia“: cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard
mzaobas _ daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri
istoria, aramedE maT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damkidebuleba.
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _ dro
da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSoblebma
TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
196
miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma xsnis adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts,
kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul variabilurobas
(cvalebadobas). seqsualuri qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da adgilis mimarT. swored am
normebze visaubrebT qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas,
romelic 1940-ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma
misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT gamokiTxes daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli maTi seqsualuri qcevis
Sesaxeb da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic manamde
iSviaTadad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire,
aRiniSneboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri
qcevis Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi, formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da xmauriT
aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStaniani gamokiTxviT miRebuli
monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi SekiTxvebis mTel rigs svamdnen. cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod
mcire nawilia warmodgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba
sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan erT
partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom seqsualuri qcevis
normebi Seicvala ukanskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.
cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
0 1 2-10 10 da meti
mamakacebi
qalebi
25-29 weli
55-59 weli
saSualo ganaTleba
kolejis ganaTleba
3
3
2
1
3
2
26
31
25
40
30
24
44
56
53
43
49
50
33
9
19
15
17
24
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
arc erTiweliwadSi
ramdenjerme
TveSi
ramdenjerme
kviraSi
orjer an metjer
mamakacebi
qalebi
mamakacebi
25-29 weli
55-59 weli
qalebi
25-29 weli
14
10
7
11
5
16
18
15
22
10
37
36
31
43
38
34
37
47
23
47
197
55-59 weli
mamakacebi
saSualo skola
koleji
qalebi
saSualo skola
koleji
30
10
9
11
14
22
15
18
16
17
35
34
38
38
37
13
41
35
36
33
*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.
seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli kulturis wevri. Cven
ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri“ da ,,mamakacuri“ aspeqti SeiZleba
warmoadgendes adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi
gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da misaRebad
miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad
(sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia, romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda
gakeTdes; rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes; dabolos, ratom unda
gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia cxovrebis manZilze socialuri
urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi
warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs, romelTa
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an aucilebelia.
scenari warmoadgens socialuri
normebidan momdinare miTiTebebis (ra
aris swori da miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli
Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod
imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT, risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu
ras eliT Tqveni seqsuluri partniorisgan. rodesac ar aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven anda ar
axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos da problemuri gaxados
partniorebis urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi xSirad
interesedebian: ratom axorcieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca
arsebobs dafexmZimebis an veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe. evoluciisa da seqsualuri
gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad
axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma
mamakacma, vidre qalma, ganacxada, rom isini Sediodnen barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris
gacnobis mizniT (77% 14%-is winaaRmdeg) da maT hqoniaT seqsi axladgacnobil partniorTan (47% 24%-is
winaaRmdeg). amasTan, ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi yovelgvari kontracepciis
gareSe (78% 64%-is winaaRmdeg).
kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero, sadac mamakacebisa
da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs: gaupatiureba
paemanze. paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsualuri
pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswavlili programa.
198
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu
ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa
78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15%
aRniSnavs, rom paemanis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton,
1987). rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze,
maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman
et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom
mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
simboluri winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT; es aris qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi,
sqesobrivi kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom
gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire, erTxel mainc
Sexvedria simboluri winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris arsebul gansxvavebaSi,
rogorc Cans, aisaxeba paemanze gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi
mamakaci simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc
qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon: _ sinamdvileSi qalebi
iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria.
seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamocdilebis seriozuli da
mniSvnelovani kategoria: homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa
(lesboselebsa) da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu
rogor marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan motivaciur ZalTa urTirTqmedeba.
homoseqsualuroba
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axorcieleben
seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba. homoseqsualizmis,
rogorc heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT „gamowveuli“ qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad,
seqsualuri motivaciis Cvens mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas
„iwvevs“ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsulizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebis
ganapirobebs. arcerTi maTgani ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualur qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi cdilobdnen homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis
gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis miRebas. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi SerCevis
mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod
homoseqsualuri gamocdileba (procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT
gviandel kvlevebSi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi
dakmayofilebisTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom
maT SerCevaSi qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram
SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels. aseve, maT kvlevaSi
mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda,
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba
iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas
199
rom hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi?
sanam sazogadoeba mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survilebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT,
verc iqneba SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi
moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs. aseve, mimovixilavT
gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.
homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda
evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom kvlevebis
monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad
xdeba, mkvlevrebma es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves, romelSic erTmaneTs
adarebdnen monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis
naxevari aqvT identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri da
heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali homoseqsualia,
meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da
lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur
tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen
calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi
tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi
monozigoturi tyupebis 48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey et
al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo, dizigoturis ki _
22%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro
metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad
epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba, nawilobriv,
genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli. flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma daiwyes im genebis
erTobliobis moZieba, romlebic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis
warmoqmnas (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia Tqvens
seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza,
magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi aspeqti wmindad
biologiuri faqtorebis gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia piradapir
gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis
temperamentsa da aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11-e Tavidan, rom mkvlevarebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da
biWebi sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben; biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT.
bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi
monawileoben bavSvebi, isini eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari
gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas. bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva erotikulad“. sakuTari
gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur aRgznebas iwvevs; droTa ganmavlobaSi es aRgzneba erotikulad
gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom
mas ar surs gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba
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homoseqsualur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas,
rom homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive SemTxvevaSi
sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul
mimzidvelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs,
is jerjerobiT mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor
warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva
mosazrebebs.
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad
ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT, aris mudmivi mtroba
homoseqsualurobis gamovlinebebisadmi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli
mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris aSkara
garyvnilebaa”; maTi 64% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or qals Soris aSkara
garyvnilebaa.“ (Herek, 1994). Zalze uaryofiT damokidebulebas homoseqsualebis mimarT mkvlevrebma
homofobia uwodes. bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi
homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad, Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.
saidan viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualuri interess?
kvlevaSi monawileobda kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti, romelTagan TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs afasebda,
rogorc ,,calsaxad heteroseqsuals“. studentebi Seavses 25 debulebiani kiTxvari, romelic zomavda
homofobiis xarisxs. am skalis monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti miiCnies arahomofobikad, 35 studenti _
homofobikad. eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da
mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis videoCanawerebi. TiToeuli studentis reaqcia Canawerebze
izomeboda mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemowerilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis
mixedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da arahomofobikTa
reaqciebi, Tumca, homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa
homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv, SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva
mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive sqesis
warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi; aseTma pirobebma ki
SeiZleba gaarTulos am ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli
qali ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia anu SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson, 1999;
Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan
(orive sqesis) homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed imis
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gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena („Tavisuflebaze gamosvla“) an
dafarva („karCaketilSi jdoma“) sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973
wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan
amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikisa fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991). aseTi
naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa
umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT sakuTari seqsualuri
orientaciis Secvla, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu ,,magiuri abi“ SesaZlebels gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978;
Siegeman, 1972). am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad,
ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT _ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia sakuTari
orientacia, aramed seqsualuri motivaciis gamovlenaze adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
homoseqsuali mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis
damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (D,Augelli, 1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,gareT gamosvlisTvis“ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji gaxdes
sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa
ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icnoben am jgufSi
Semaval individebs; faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro
keTilganwobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me-18-e TavSi
crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs umciresobisasTan urTierTobas
adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde.) icnobT romelime homoseqsual mamakacs,
lesbosels an biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven
Tavad xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis
codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSulebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari daskvna
adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _
memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri
qcevis Sinagan modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo1 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros.
Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia
socialuri kulturis farglebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba
Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT: vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs
individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis an marcxisTvis.
Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevas, ZiriTadad, hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis arCevanze
gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi. masterma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies adamianis seqsualuri
reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg fazebad: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri
fsiqologebi cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis
realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis
1 External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
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studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi
Sedegi paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba
rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa
da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas, zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT
zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom
zogierTi es gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT, rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
iqnebiT. magram Tqven isic iciT, rom rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dainteresebuli
lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad
mizezs. amjerad yuradReba SevaCeroT im motivaciur Zalebze, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romelsac miRwevis
moTxovnileba ewodeba
miRwevis moTxovnileba
jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas
axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid
maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland, 1953) SeimuSaves am moTxovnilebis siZlieris
gazomvis meTodika da ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis
wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs. miRwevis moTxovnilebis
siZlieris dasadgenad maklelandi iyenebda kvlevis monawileTa fantazias. monawileebs waredginebodaT
e.w. Tematuri apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis seria da moeTxovebodaT maTi mixedviT
moTxrobebis Sedgena: maT unda aReweraT, ra xdeboda suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda
movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda. navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi moaxdendnen
TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis proecirebas. maklelandis sityvebiT: „Tu gsurT, rom
icodeT, ra xdeba adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad
giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT,
aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad. . .“ (David McCLelland, 1971, p.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is suraTebis mixedviT
maklelandma SeimuSava gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris
Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba,
rogorc n Ach2. is asaxavs individualur gansxavevebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis
miznis dagemva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti,
romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali moTxovnilebebis mqone
2 n Ach – need for Achievement.
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individebma. rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis
validuroba.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test – TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic individs
garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas
iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
miRwevis moTxovnieleba (Need for achievement – n Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba
_ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba, romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo
speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
sur. 12.5. Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia
da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes, man unda
daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos. miuxedavad
imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom
gaxdes didi mevioline da siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT. is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis
mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs
gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze, raTa
emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dRes umaRlesi klasis musikosad gaRviZeboda,
magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa,
rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre dabali
maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n Ach maRali maCveneblebiT ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze
TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach dabali maCveneblebiT
xasiaTdebian (McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis
asakSi Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs 41
wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Ach individebi
yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach–is mqone individebs wardgenili
amocana rTulad eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Ach–is mqone individebisTvis, aris efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvili _ igive Sedegis
miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom
moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben
sakuTari warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli,
sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland &Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebma dainteresdnen: ramdenad aris
SesaZlebeli, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu
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dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri analiziT
miRebuli monacemebi.
saidan viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs Seadares: erTi
mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic agrovda 1951 wels, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile
bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb,
romlebic agrovda 1987-1988 wlebSi, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels
mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT
sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis
miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas mkacri
wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi
gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri
Semosavali, romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi daaxloebiT $10.000-iT
ufro mets Seadgenda, vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi aseTi
gamocdileba.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis
pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia
miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi dainteresebulobaze
axdens gavlenas. rom vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori
megobari, romlebic erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
Sefaseba “C". rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon meore
semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas
mouZebnis TiToeuli maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis lokusze anu
imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni
moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia Tqvens mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze (orientacia internalur
anu Sinagan kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqsternalur anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT
motanil magaliTSi “C"-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba miaweros garegan (mSeneblobis xmurs
gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia aris msjeloba Sedegebis
mizezebis Sesaxeb. (atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17-e TavSi ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi
atribuciam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneblobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia, rom isini
bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamocdisTvis, xolo Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze
axdenen, savaraudoa, rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes atribucia (Peterson
&Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli (stabiluri) da mdgradia an
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cvalebadi (arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori droTa ganmavlobaSi?“ pasuxi gvaZlevs
ganzomilebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri). an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad aris mizezobrivi
faqtori Zalze konkretuli (specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi
(globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi. pasuxi
gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri).
suraTze 12.6 mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba
urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba
SevaCeroT gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze. Tqvenma
megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sunagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa
SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi pirovnuli Tviseba); anda maT
miRebuli Sefaseba SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa amocanis sirTule,
sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli).
imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia,
savaraudod, iqneba erT-erTi im emociaTagani, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq
isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _ ufro bejiTad
mecadineobaze an SromisTvis Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis realuri mizezisgan
damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas, rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis maT mier
miRebul Sefasebas “C”, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs mogvcemen. erT-
erTma es SeiZleba miaweros raime garegans (,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda“), meorem
ki _ raime Sinagans („ar var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani“). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu
rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi mogebidan dawyebuli
paemanis SeTavazebaze uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad
iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebs axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
Tqvens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis
manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs adamianebis
axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da pasiurobaze da imazec,
Seupovrad midian miznisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).
sur. 12.6. qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis
atribucia
oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis
atribuciis mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da
im situacidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba.
SesaZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias
Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi, rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac
uSvebe garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba
Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
kontrolis lokusi
Sinagani garegani
stabilu
roba ucvleli SesaZlebloba rTuli amocana
cvalebadi Zalisxmeva iRbali
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cxrili 12.4 atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi
Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakavSirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, romelsac
axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT.
magaliTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT
maSin, roca am warmatebas sakuTar unarebs
miawerT, da daTrgunuli xarT, Tu marcxs
SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad aRiqvamT;
anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas, rodesac
Tqvens mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa
moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca
sxvebi migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-
zogadi-ucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri)
axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad“)
individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli motivacia). axla ki
vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma erT-erTma megobarma “A", meorem ki _
"F" Sefaseba miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen, aexsnaT, ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi
SexedviT, martivi ram iyo: optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis es ori
gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi
situacia da individis roli mis gamomwvevaSi miiCneva ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad):
_ ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.“ atribuciis optimisturi stili marcxs garegani
mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: _ ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo“, xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (stabiluri) an
modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri): _ ,,Tu met Zalisxmevad gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad
gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb CemTvis
mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas“.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. optimisti iRebs
srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad pasuximgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas
garegan-cvalebad-zogad an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis,
pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan
gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb aseTi ganzogadebis
siswores. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis
agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996).
aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met
garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpetacia gavlenas axdens optimistTa da
pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas
saswavlo garemoSi.
emociuri reaqciebi
atribucia warmateba marcxi
SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba
darwmunebuloba
siamaye
arakompetenturoba
brZolaze uaris Tqma
daTrgunuloba
Zalisxmeva Semsubuqeba
kmayofileba
moduneba
braleulobis gancda
sircxvili
SiSi
sxvaTa
moqmedeba
madliereba brazi
mrisxaneba
bedi gakvirveba
sindisis qenjna
gakvirveba
gaoceba
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saidan viciT
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, gsurT SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba. magram rogor
fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciatiurobiT
(Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)?
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul
warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba
gakeTdes studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorientacia uwoda. studentTa
jgufs, romelTac miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damokidebuli karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT,
ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da
mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi Seexeboda iyo imas, Tu rogor miiRes
maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram,
rac Cemi karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da Zalisxmevas
moiTxovda” (Luzzo et al., 1996, p. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis
Semdeg, eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis lokusi karieris
arCevisas da, aseve, SemdgomSi ufro metad CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZlenlobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufi ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).
imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis miwodebam karieris
arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia studentTa mosazrebebze momavlis Taobaze.
Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba. Tqven
SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili; SegiZliaT situaciaSi
SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi, stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia.
dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT
am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia
warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri filosofia dagexmaraT, rom samsaxuri dagewyoT did korporaciaSi.
SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis
moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im
zogad konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao
garemo sTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava
aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli
adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,
samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze.
rogorc biznes konsultantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas uweven organizaciebs momsaxure
personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs
samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT
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morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze arsebuli
motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben, axsnan da
iwinaswarmetyvelon, rogor moiqcevian adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am Teoriebis
Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa samarTlianobis
Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri mgdomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an
mosalodneli waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSao ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an
Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier
samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben
samuSaos Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a
muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis
Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a = danaxarji b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki
dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan uTanasworobis am
grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom
saTanadod Secvalon danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis
Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis
moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis: _ „Cemi samuSao arc Tu ise kargia“, an
Semosavlis: _ „gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb xelfass, romlis imdezec SemiZlia viyo,“ Rirebulebis
axleburi interpretacia).
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs,
rogoricaa TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli
adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da
erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi
samuSaoze.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki
motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze;
agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT, samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi
Semosavlis proporciulia.
SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi? ganvixiloT
situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT Tqven am dros?
samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves arasasurvel
samuSaoze. faqtobrivad, rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am
samuSaos mimarT, darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben
Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993). Tu Tqven
xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT aseTi
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damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi. magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT „saTanado axsnis“ sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom misi Zalisxmeva da
Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT,
adaminebi Seasruleben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad (romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da
Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: molodini,
instrumentaluroba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis
Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba. instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom
samuSaos Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad Sromis anazRaureba an jildo.
valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao situaciaSi am
sami komponenetisTvis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT
samuSao, sadac didia albaToba imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali
instrmentaluroba), magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulas SeasrulebT (dabali
molodini), an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valenturoba). molodinis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT maTi calkeuli
mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs maSin, rodesac didia samive
komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis
albaToba nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze
mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da valentobis naTlad
warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili
gaumarTavia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da
amisTvis miRebul anazRaurebas Soris ar aris sakmarisi Tanafardoba. rogor SecvlidiT samuSos pirobebs,
raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT, gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSo garemoSi
miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac iRebT pirovnul gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da
dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva
aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba
garkveulwilad xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi, Tu rogor warimarTeba
adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba
moicavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor asruleben adamianebi
dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. organizaciuli fsiqolebis interesTa sferoSi Sedis
samuSo adgilze moqmedi mamotovirebeli faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Teoriebi aRweren, Tu rogor
moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
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molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria, romlic mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia
maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri motivebi
qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda
dakmayofildes romlis Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno dones miRweva, es moTxovnilebebi
progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?
Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar mogwondaT, albaT, bevri gecodinebaT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs, itanjebode motivaciis naklebobiT: autanelia Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis
Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi
samuSao garemos moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis miRebuli anazRaureba Tqveni
motivaciuri moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen
profesiuli mowodebisa da adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis
urTierTTanxvedras.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad, unda gqondeT Tqveni interesebisa da
TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis Sesatyvisi samuSao. profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis
profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis. testis Sesaqmnelad
man gamokiTxa sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT
moswondaT an ar moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis misaRebad, im responendtTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi,
romlebic warmatebulni iyven konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti mamakacebis
pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT Soris 1994 wels redaqtirebuls) daemata qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi
da axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994). strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT
adgens kavSirs adamianebis mier mowonebul da armowonebul saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis
profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli konsultanti SeZlebs
informaciis mowodeba im samuSaobis Sesaxeb, romlebic tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis
mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, romlic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva miiReT imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias unda misdioT. rogor unda
amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo periodSi
211
kadrebis SerCevis fsiqologiis mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-organizaciis morgebis
cnebas _ mizania adamianisa da im organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia, romelic mas daiqiravebs
(Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli
Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis ,,kulturis“ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli faqtori, romelsac
TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba; masSi moazrebuli kontiniumis ori ukiduresobaa: _ ,,TanamgrZnobi,
keTili da mosiyvarule“ da ,,civi. kapasi da sastiki“ (ix. Tavi 14). vnaxoT, aseve, organizaciebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kulturebis kontiniumi mxadamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan agresiul da
Sedegebze orientirebulamde. xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis mzaobis
mixedviT, amjobineben organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT
gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar aris
sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme:
aseve, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis miRwevis Cveneuli
meTodebi da organizaciis prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis mirwevis motivacias SegiqmniT, warmogidgenT
kidev erT, gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: cxovrebis sxva mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess,
rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric gansazRvravs. erT-erT kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxebSi gazrdil identur da
araidentur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT (strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli
interesebis ori kiTxavri (Moloney et al., 1991). ori kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia
identuri tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvets, rom dedis an mamis
profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar aris mxolod garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias? rogorc mravalricxovani
cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac fsiqologebma Caatares kvlevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT am
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi, yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze.
Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs, zogadi warmodgena
SegiqmnaT im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanisturma fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis
mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia
martividan umaRlesisken, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes
ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis
safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebismieri
moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri
moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad
aisaxebian Cvens qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi
donis moTxovnileba qmnis; es aris usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT SesaZlo safrTxis
212
gamo, Tqveni motivaciis ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT. Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs
usafTxod grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis
moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da efeqtiani adamianis danaxvisa, romelsac
SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven
gamoZravebT Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi: gsurT Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare arsebobis
Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis winaswarganWvreta. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs
mecnierebs, rom mTeli TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maskous ierarqiis Semdeg
donezea mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva, romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT,
romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi _
gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc
uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni, moazrovneni
da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli
adamianuri moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari
potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan anu
TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi
TviTaqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebis
garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari Tavis da iseTad
iRebs, rogoric aris; socialurad gulisxmieria,
SemoqmedebiTia, Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da
gamowvevisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi
safexuria, romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis sruli
ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transcedenturis
moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZleb miiyvanos
cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde da
samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde.
Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris
gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis
miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT
popularul xedvas warmoadgens. Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs
warmoadgens mosazreba, rom TiToeul adamians aqcs
moTxovnileba, ganviTardes da moaxdinos sakuTari
potencialis maqsimalurad realizeba. yovelTvis SegviZlia
aseTi dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi
cxadhyofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili
moTxovnilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa da
213
transcendenturi moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis Secnobis sulieri moTxovnilebebi
TviTaqtualizaciis moTxovnilebapotencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba, gansazRvruli mizenisken
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebimSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba
SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis, siaxlis moTxovnilebebi
pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari Tavis faseulobisa da kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis, uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
biologiuri oTxovnilebebisakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi. garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous
zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils
maSin, rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca, aseTi
SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT, rom maslous sqema dagexmarebaT Tqveni mamotivirebeli
swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi.
Cven grZeli gza ganvleT mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse asvla
everestze. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da SimSilis fsiqologia da adamiani seqsualobis evolucia da sociluri
ganzomilebebi. Cven gamovikvlieT individuluri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT
pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben buneba da
aRzrda, rogorc saxeobis, ise _ individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da
mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom xdeba,
rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis
miRwevisTvis?
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
motivaciis cneba
motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romlic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis micemis procesebis
aRsawerad.
motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs biologiuri da qceviTi
procesebi da ratom iswrafvian adamianebi miznebisken dabrkolebebisa da araxelsayreli pirobebis
miuxedavad.
ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs, motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis cnebas.
adamianebi motivirebulni arian aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiTac, romlebic ar ukavSirdebian
fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.
reversiis Teoria gamoyofs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur wyvilebs.
instinqtebis Teoria gvTavazobs, rom motivacia xSirad eyrdnoba Tandayolil stereotipul reaqciebs.
socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usmeven individis mier situaciis aRqmas, interpretacias da
masze reaqcias.
kveba
sxeuls flobs mTel rig meqanizmebs kvebis procesis dawyebisa da SewyvetisaTvis.
Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam SeiZleba wonis momateba ufro
gamoiwvios, vidre wonis dakleba.
kvebiTi aSliloba janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa, romelic SeiZleba aRmocendes
kulturuli gavlenisa da sxeulis xatis darRevuli aRqmis Sedegad.
seqsualuri qceva
evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis meqanizmia.
cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.
mastersisa da jonsonis Sromam mogvawoda pirveli monacemebi qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri
reqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
214
evoluciuri fsiqologebis azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs
qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
gansxvavebebma seqsualur scenarebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios seriozuli gaugebroba da mogviyvanos
Zaladobamde.
homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT, ise pirovnuli da socialuri
garemoTi.
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
adamianebs aqvT miRwevis mravali moTxovnilebebi. miRwevis moTxovnileba gavlenas axdens imaze,
Tu rogor axdens adamiani warmatebisa da marcxis interpretacias.
ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi
da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.
organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao garemoSi adamianis motivaciis gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria gvawvdis samuSao CarCos
motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
215
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi
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