Tavi 12: motivacia

ra aris motivacia

motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

motivaciis wyaroebi

kveba

kvebis fiziologia

kvebis fsiqologia

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: genebi da simsuqne

seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqcia

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

seqsualuri qcevis normebi

homoseqsualoba

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

miRwevis moTxovnileba

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?

moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

171

1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze” (On Top oh the World) Jurnalisti rebeka

stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers everestze asvlas. wignis dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis

dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:

,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul cota, orasi an

samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul

Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze maRali adgilia msoflioSi da

arsebobs uamravi mizezi, romelic misken iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT

polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken.”

mogvinebiT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da safrTxe,

am ,,romantikas“ pirquSi realoba cvlis. muxedavad amisa, avtori midis gasaocar daskvnamde mas

Semdeg, rac TiTi daiziana:

,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi moCanda,

burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele iyo...amis gakeTeba”, _

buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma mTasvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli

vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...

me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari

Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,” _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc

momrCenoda, SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiere iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000 futis (7800 metris)

simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da,

Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba ase Zviri _

sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans da sakmaod mSvidad da, Cemda gasaocrad,

davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo:

rogorme iolad gaval nekis gareSec.“ (gv.90-91).

warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad unda

gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: ,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec”? arsebobs raime mizani, romlis

gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT? sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefanis mTaze

asvlis dros... ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs

mTis mwvervalze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu sxva raime mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni,

jiutni, Seupovarni raime miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri

danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba? da bolos, did xans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis miRwevas, Tu

maleve gaanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?

Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs mimarTaven

im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, moxda an ar moxda. Tqven SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba bosi Tavis

gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom saqoneli gayidoT,” megobari SeiZleba

saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris

motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri moTxroba da SeecadoT, warmoidginoT danaSaulis motivi da

amiT daikmayofiloT sakuTari mizani deteqtivis mkvlelTan idetifikaciis gamo. Mmilioni adamianis msgavsad

172

msoflioSi, Tqvenc SeiZleba miwebebuli xarT yoveldRiurad sapnis operebs (teleserilebs) iseTi motivebis

gamosavlenad, rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.

fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocanaa Teoriuli safuZvlis uzrunvelyofa motivaciis aseTi magaliTebisTvis.

rogor SeuZlia motivaciur mdgomareobas, gavlena moaxdinos sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis Sedegebze?

ratom imatebs zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde mivides

SimSiliT? Aaris Tu ara Cveni seqsualuri qceva determinirebuli genetikuri memkvidreobiT? am TavSi Tqven

SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi

fundamentaluri fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogorica SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi fsiqologiuri

moTxovnilebebiT, rogorica pirovnuli miRweva. magram Tqven naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia

erTmaneTisagan gamijno fsiqologia da fiziologia. xandaxan iseTi mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi), rogoricaa

SimSili, romelic, erTi SexedviT, biologiuri Cans, konkurencias uwevs pirovnuli kontrolis individualur

moTxovnilebas da xSirad socialuri aRiareba (mimRebloba) gansazRvravs xolme kvebiT paternebs.

am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis kvlevisa da

bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli

sxvadasxvagavarad mniSvnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi

moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.

ra aris motivacia

motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi, mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba

laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac niSnavs “moZraoba”. organizmebi moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da

aqtivobebis mimarTulebiT, da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis

Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi sxnis rogorc cxovelTa TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis

CaTvliT, ,,moZraobis” zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis

funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT, romliTac

motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da prognozirebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.

motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebas gamoyofen:

qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ rogorc biologiur organizmebi, Tqven flobT kompleqsur Sinagan

meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben, Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da gexmarebian sicocxlis

SenarCunebaSi. ratom adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT.

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi deprivaciis Sinagani mdgomareoba warmoadgens trigers (sasxlets) sxeulis

reaqciisaTvis, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis

aRsadgenad.

qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad da meore

dRes cudad. ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre

meore, romelsac igive unarebi da codna gaaCnia. fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas,

rodesac adamianis mier davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis cvalebedoba ucvlel

173

situaciaSi ver aixsneba unarebis, gamocdilebis, praqtikis sxvadasxvaobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu

Tqven gsurT diliT adre adgoma damatebiT samecadinod, magram Tqven megobars _ ara, maSin,

SesaZloa, es mivaweroT Tqveni da Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur mdgomareobebs.

subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva is

sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas?

fsiqologebi da diletantebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev

Sinagan mizezebze daskvnaze. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis interpretacias savaraudo

mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni

qcevis mimarTac. Tqven xSirad cdilobT, gaarkvioT Tqveni qceva garedanaa motivirebuli Tu

Signidan.

imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmdebebze pasuximgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cneba

ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTikisaTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan

motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuximgeblebi arian

sakuTar moqmedebebze, roca: (1) ar fiqroben, rom maT qcevas uaryofiT Sedegebi eqneba, (2) roca

eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria imisaTvis, rom qceva gamoiwvios, an (3) roca

qmedebaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amgvarad, motivaciis

Teoriam SeiZleba axsnas qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi.

araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miznisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da daJinebis axsna

_ gavixsenoT rabeka stefensis wignidan warmodgenili citatebi, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare

Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben mTaze

asvlas? bolo mizezi, ratomac fsiqologebi motivacias swavloben, imis axsnas, Tu ratom axorcielebs

organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT ioli SeiZleba iyos am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis

Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT samsaxurSi Tu mecadineobaze maSinac ki,

roca amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT TamaSi

maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.

axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im garemo pirobebze, sadac fsiqologebi mimarTaven motivaciis

cnebas qcevis winaswarmetyevelebisa da axsnisaTvis. mivubrundebiT gamocdilebis konkretuli sferoebis

ganxilvamde, gavexnoT motivaciis zogad wyaroebs.

motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da

marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia erTi aqtiobisaTvis meoresTan

SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.

motivaciis wyaroebi

1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) moigo safrangeTis turne (Tour de France) _

sportis istoriaSi es iyo sportsmenis dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi. 1996 wels mas testikularuli

simsivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis

dasrulebis Semdeg, amstrongma varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi man msoflios yvelaze

174

prestiJul SejibrebSi moipova gamarjveba; 2000 wels ki kvlav moigo safrangeTis turne. cilismwameblebi

ambobdnen, rom visac amstrongma ajoba, susti velomrbolelebi iyvnen. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam

daamtkica, rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.

Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli avadmyofobis

Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni sxeulisTvis arc Tu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom rac ar

unda yofiliyo misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis? Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara

adamianTa umravlesoba aseve, Tu isini igive situaciaSi aRmoCndebian? warmoadgens Tu ara misi qceva

pirovnebisa da situaciis maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis (interaqciis) Sedegs? motivaciis wyaroebis ukeT

gasarkvevad, vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris.

daviwyoT im Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT xsnis.

ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi

rogorc Cans, motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivia: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT, Tu grZnobT, rom

gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani

ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad ganaviTara klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952). halis azriT, ltolva aris Sinagani

mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod. organizmi cdilobs

SeinarCunos iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis wonasworoba anu homeostazi, rogoricaa: _ sxeulis

temperatura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac deprivacia arRvevs

wonasworobas anu qmnis daZabulobas. es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcirebisken anu reduqciisken

ubiZgebs; rodesac ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets

moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba

sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis

mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romlsac sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba, vinaidan

is ukavSirdeba sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis Semcirebas.

SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna? udaod, ara.

warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis

mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen

sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da sasmelia,

isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saWmlisa da sasmelisken;

mxolod cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965;

Zimbardo & Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi, axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias

xarjavdnen maT garemoSi mocemuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze da, rogorc

Canda, amas akeTebdnen ,,maimunobiT, garTobiT” siamovnebis misaRebad, yovelgvari garegani

waxalisebis gareSe. (Harlow et al., 1950).

es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolvebiT: qceva

motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba

biologiur moTxovnilebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen

momarTulni da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda, rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda.

asevea adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT

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internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad? ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da

aRgaSfoTebT? ratom WamT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad gamokvebili brZandebiT? TiToeul

SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asrulebs, romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.

Tqven ukve SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves.

miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis miRebisa da wylis dalevis biologiur zewolas

ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac daemorCilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi

Tanamedrove midgoma, romelic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba konkurentuli motivaciuri

mdgomareobebis Seswavlas; esaa reversiis Teoria.

ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis

fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.

homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.

aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis

mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria

ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael Apter, 1989; Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma, ganaviTares axali

Teoria, romelic, aseve, uaryofs motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. nacvlad amisa, aRniSnuli

Teoria uSvebs, rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1,

wyvilebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi Seadgenen. Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul

momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad.

Tu gadaxedavT cxrils, naxavT, Tu rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili araTavsebad motivaciur

mdgomareobebs. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom samsaxureobriv situaciaSi imyofebiT. ra gsurT mocemul

momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba Tu

sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis

Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore, sawinaaRmdego

mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli

mdgomareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac iseTi moqmedebebs axorcielebT,

romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT; xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,

rodesac axorcielebT iseT moqmdebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul

momentSi. magaliTad, am wuTas, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos

kiTxulobT _ Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an

axal disks mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTelikur

mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtobrivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT an erT, an

meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.

drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze mkafiod SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi reversiis tipebi.

reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani formas aReniSnebaT adamianebs, romlebic CarTulni arian iseT

maRal-riskian aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma.

cxrili 12.1. metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

176

Telikuri

seriozuli

mizanze orientirebuli

upiratesobas aniWebs winaswar dagegmvas

Tavs aridebs SfoTvas

surs progresi da miRweva

paraTelikuri

mxiaruli

aqtivobaze orientirebuli

cxovrobs am momentiT

eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas

surs mxiaruleba da garToba

konformisti

damyoli

surs wesebis dacva

tradiciuli

sasiamovno

surs morgeba

negativisti

meamboxe

surs wesebis darRveva

aratradiciuli

gabrazebuli

surs damoukidebloba

mbrZanebloba

Zalauflebaze orientirebuli

cxovrebad brZolad miiCnevs

mkacri azrovneba

kontrolze koncentrirebuli

surs dominantoba

TanagrZnoba (simpatia)

zrunvaze orientirebuli

cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs

mgrZnobiare

sikeTeze koncentrirebuli

surs sinaze da mofereba

auturi

upiratesad sakuTar Tavze koncentrirebuloba

egocentruli

sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia

aloikuri

upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba

sxvebTan identifikacia

sxvebis grZnobebze koncentracia

saidan viciT

SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla

ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es gasarTobad gaakeTes?

Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan

gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis daZabulobas, vidre _ amcirebs. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, paraSutiT

gadaxtoma warmoadgens Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas. Telikur

mdgomareobaSi aRgznebis maRali done, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadaxtomamde, iwvevs SfoTvis

warmoqmnas. paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aRfrTovaneba.

amgvarad, Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri

SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamowmeblad

mkvlevrebma monacemebi paraSutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen

SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis Semdeg.

monacemebma aCvena aSkara reversia: gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar arian

aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen (magram ar

SfoTavdnen). es aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti gadadioda

Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi (Apter & Batler, 1997).

177

xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?

reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis

sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.

reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri

mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.

instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelic arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis

gadarCenisaTvis.

instinqturi qceva da daswavla

ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom biologiuri

saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts marTavs instinqtebi anu winaswar daprogramebuli tendenciebi,

romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis

repertuars, romelic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli curavs

aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs,

axteba CanCqerebs da midis zustad daniSnul adgilze, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri oragulebi

Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas asruleben. ganayofierebul qviriTs dayris Semdeg mSoblebi kvdebian.

momavalSi, roca maTi dro dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi

manamde, sanam ramdenime wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis dro ar mova. aseTive

STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi. futkari sakvebis

adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems, WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad

dadis nadirobis eqspediciebSi, Citebi aSeneben budeebs, obobebi xlaraTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs _

zustad iseve, rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.

adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniSvnelobis

gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva

cxovelze metad eyrdnobian instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi, rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda

qcevaTa fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiur instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan saerTo

aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa simpaTia,

socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, aseve adamianuri _

instinqtebi miznobrivi iyo anu emsaxurebodnen mniSvnelovan miznebs anu asruleben mniSvnelovan

funqciebs organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi.

zigmund froidi (Sigmund Freud, 1915) gvTavazobs, rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi

aRmocendeba sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas

miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi mimarTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac es energia ver ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba

ubiZgebs adamians aqtivobis an/da obieqtisken, romelic Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT,

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu

Rrmad aracnobierSi); Tumca, maTi gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria

imis gamo, rom instinqtebi mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen

adamianebs (Cven am mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).

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1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia (Bernard, 1924).

Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universaluri amxsnelis, cneba

eWvis qveS dadga da kritikis sagnad iqca. kros-kulturulma anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict,

1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939) sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia

aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili instinqtebis

universalurobas ganixilavdnen.

instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis empiriuli

demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da emociebi daswvlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT

demonstraciebs Tqven me-7-e Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad

mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu

gsurT, axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara, Tqven ar

gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna, garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara.

aseT pirobebSi Tqven saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom

erTi cxoveli „motivirebulia“, xolo meore _ ara).

Tumca, gavixsenoT: _ me-7-e TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro iolad

daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT (ix. gv. ??) amitom TiToeuli

cxoveli axorcielebs daswavlili da instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias. amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis

qcevis axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, unda icodeT rame:

_ (1) mocemuli cxovelis saxeobis istoriidan _ romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis

nawili? (2) konkretuli mocemuli cxovelis istoriidan _ garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri

erToblioba aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi motivacia im gavlenaSi mdgomareobs,

rasac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze.

kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7-e Tavs: Cven vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWv

qveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria sakmarisia cxovelis

qcevis yvela detalis asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi

aqtivobebi.

molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi

ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan“, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi da misi sami

megobari kargad gaisarjnen, raTa zurmuxtis qalaqamde mieRwiaT: _ maT daZlies barierebi da

SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari

miscemda maT imas, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad, saocarma (da brZenma) jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad

maT, da ara jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli ar

warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli usafrTxoebis da

komfortis gancda iyo: _ saxli iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms surda; Wkua,

romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia,

romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze,

aramed, rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze, romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis qveynidan

aSkarad aris erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologTagani, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis

mniSvnelovneba misi miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.

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Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri qcevebis

mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad. isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani

motivacia aRmocendeba ara garesamyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed realobis subieqturi

interpretaciebidan. dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba, Tu Tqven ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma

qmedebam ganapiroba es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT,

pasuximgebeli iyo warsulis warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da

(3) imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu

ratom arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali movlenebis molodinebiT.

qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava

socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7-e TavSi ganvixilavdiT

dakvirvebiT daswavlas). roterisaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT mocemuli qcevas

(moemzadebiT gamocdisTvis da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli

miznis (kargi niSnis miReba) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic mohyveba am aqtivobas da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli

Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs

makoregirebeli qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957, Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu

aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven

SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa ukeT moergoT jgufs.

socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams

dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.

rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958)

gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba mieweros iseT

dispoziciur Zalebs, rogoricaa Zalisxmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda iseT situaciur Zalebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia

gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi

niSani Zalisxmevis ararsebobis Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT, rom

miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens (Dweck, 1975).

amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis, SeiZleba, nawilobriv,

damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur intepretaciaze.

kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxavadasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan, rom

mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamomwvevis Sinagani da garegani faqtorebi erTmaneTisgan gamijvna.

ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic

gavlenas axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi. rodesac organizmebi iwyeben

sakuTar qcevaze fiqrs _ risi midrekilebac gansakuTrebiT aqvT adamianebs _ molodini imisa, Tu ra unda

moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, iwyebs motivaciis uzrunvelyofas. adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba

sakuTar Tavs miaweros, zogi ki _ garesamyaros.

Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis danarCen

nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips, romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba; esaa

kveba, seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli miRweva.

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Sejameba

fsiqologebi iyeneben motivaciur cnebebs imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron biologia da qceva;

axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba; daaskvnan zogadi qmdebebidan kerZo mdgomareobaze; moqmedi

subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebis asaxsnelad,

romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis

Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani

wyaroebidan da romeli _ organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli

faqtorebidan. ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc

wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTac aris motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur

moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis mixedviT,motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur

mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc Sinagani, aseve

garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis molodinebze da imaze, Tu

rogor axdens adamiani samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.

kveba

gaakeTeT prognozi aseTi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze Caweril students

unda SevTavazoT picis naWeri. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom SeWams studenti picis

naWers? ar gindaT, gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia”. bolo

qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis

organizeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna anu informacia am

studentis Sesaxeb. ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami students? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven, aseve,

dagWirdebodaT garegani codna anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara

students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, Cven ukve,

garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegebzec ki,

rogoricaa studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac

evoluciam aRgvWurva sakvebis misaRebad.

kvebis fiziologia

rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT,

romlebic qmnian SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur gancdas (Logue, 1991). sakvebis efeqtianad misaRebad,

organizmi aRWurvili unda iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani

moTxovnilebis dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da

raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba, Tu rodis aris sakmarisi miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis

Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna maTi dakavSirebiT sxeulis sxadasxva nawilis iseT

periferiul meqanizmebTan, rogoricaa kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur meqanizmebTan,

rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.

periferiuli reaqciebi

saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misaTiTeblad, rom is

carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas

181

miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn)

gaivarjiSa da gadaylapa rezinis milze mimagrebuli gauberavi buSti. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda

mowyobilobas, romelzec registrirdeboda haeris wnevis cvlebadoba. Semdeg qenonma gabera buSti

studentis kuWSi. rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams.

uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli SimSiliT gamowveuli tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier

SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobaze kuWis

spazmebis pasuxismgebloba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma kvl;evebma

aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas. carieli kuWis

mqone cxovelis sixlSi Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, magram ar qreba SimSilis grZnoba.

pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZnobasTan

dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi mainc daiswavlidnen

labirinTs sakvebiT dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili

SegrZneba SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is amomwuravad

ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis

miRebisTvis.

carieli kuWi aucilebelobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas „savse“

kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba

individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis

wnevis wyaros mimarT. sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris

maniSneblebis perioferiul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis anu sisavsis

gancdas. SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli

kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari

sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis naklebi Semcvelobis mqone

sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakvebisadmi „swrafvis“ aseTi

dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos.

Tumca, ,,specifikuri“ sensorul-specifikur simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris

damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze, romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mravalferovani da sxvadasxva

gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli,

gemo aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et, al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba,

romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis erTmaneTs,

SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom ukve

sakmarisad miirTva,.

axla gavecnoT Tavi tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi da sadac

erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.

centraluri reaqciebi

rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da

mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac

182

saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, aigeboda lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da

ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze

(hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze 3.10. gv. ??). gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tu

ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs

moixmarda. magram Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeboda, rom lateraluri hipoTalamusi dazianebuliyo (an

ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi yofiliyo stimulirebuli), cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmarda. am dakvirvebam

ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda ,,SimSilis“ centrad,

xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRris centrad“.

Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore (Martin et al.,

1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im

sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh

ver iqneba ubralo centri, romelic gadascems signalebs: _ ,,kidev Wame“ an ,,aRar Wamo“ _ signali

damokidebulia sakvebis tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos

sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri

reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa, moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama iqneba .

Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT, moWarbebulma

refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.

yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas. nawili yvelaze

mniSvnelovani informaciisa, romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis

nakadTan erTad midis. (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi glukozis formiT aris warmoadgenili) da

cximebi warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis

ori ZiriTadi signali modis receptorebidan, romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas

sisxlSi. rodesac metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis

ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi cvlian aqtivobas am

informaciis sapasuxod. sxva hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani

mJavebis an insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis

gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul qcevas. signali,

rom sisxlSi mravlad aris glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis

maniSnevelia.

amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT

da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca, mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis darwmunebiT

gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul

signalebze. vnaxoT, ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom mivirTvaT bevri an cota.

kvebis fsiqologia

Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis

raodenobas. magram miirTmevT Tu ara Tqven mxolod maSin, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba:

_ ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!“ Tu gadaxedavT ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva,

roca Tqvens mier sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi

miRebulia dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba,

183

vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli

normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad kiborCxala miirTvaT ufasod? Tqveni

pasuxi, albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze, xarT morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars

ityodiT) Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara

iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar aris

sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba.

socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba, rom sakvebis miReba

ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis SegrZnebas? Tu adamianebTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT

gulgrili imis mimarT, Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqvens mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni sxeulis formasa da

zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas Cven did yuradRebas davuTmobT im viTarebebis ganxilvas,

romelSic adamianebi cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon

sxeulis formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.

wuxxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni

pasuxi iqneba „diax“, Tumca, dResdReobiT amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari wonis

gamo: qalebis 52% da mamakacebis 37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994). sinamdvileSi ki

qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom, isev

Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa da am realobis maTeul

aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg

aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis

saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: genebi da simsuqne

21-e saukune mecnierTa STambeWdavi gancxadebiT daiwyo: mkvlevrebma, romlebic muSaobdnen

proeqtSi „adamianis genomi“, ganacxades, rom isini Zalian axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri

safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan. am proeqtis saboloo mizani iyo im genebis sruli aRwera, romliTac

aigeba genomi. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen adamianis

sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi daavadebebis genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas.

erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli aqvs, aris simsuqne. mkvlevrebma mogvawodes

uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu

naklebi wonisken. magaliTad, identuri tyupebis Seswavlam gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonebs Soris

(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT, rom ZiriTadi

funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis sxeulis mier kaloriebis dawvis intensioba anu metaboluri procesebis

intensioba mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al.,

1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis drosac ki didi raodenobiT kaloriebis

dawvis Tandayolili predispozicia axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swored es ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis

momatebis risk-jgufSi.

ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi realuri genetikuri meqanizmi, romlebic

individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad,

gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi

184

sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al.,

1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs Wamas, amis potenciuri

Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire

raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas kidec maTi zedmeti wona

(Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis

uamrav sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom leptini garkveul rols

asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi, mkvlevebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis moZiebisa da

SeswavlisaTvis.

mocemuli genetikuri kvleva imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba simsuqnis problemis axleburi gadawyveta.

magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa da wonis regulacias Soris kavSiris aRmoCena maT

axali medikamenturi mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems (Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre

ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda: kvlevis dros leptiniT manipulirebam jev ver moaxdina

mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze. Tumca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti

winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba

wonis regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000). yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobili

mkvlevrebic ki gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac

maT damxmare saSualebad gamoviyenebT (da ara Camnacvleblad) mZimewoniani adamianebis

cxovrebis stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis metaboluri procesebi, janmrTeloba da

cxovrebis xarisxi” (Campfield et al., 1998, p. 1987). sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu

ramdenad SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs

gadamwyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.

veb gverdebi:

www.Ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia proeqtis „adamianis genomi“

Sedegebi.

www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi simsuqnesa da

wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.

simsuqne da dieta

ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra „fsiqologia da cxovreba“-s, albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda

iyos axali, pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia 21-e

saukuneSi” aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina „bunebam“: zogierTi adamiani

genetikurad aris midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi,

rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba ,,aiZulo“. bilogiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs

adamiani sakvebsa da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis

adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas

sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba, rom

rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare

signalebs. Tumca, es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis

185

ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani

fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.

Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti

ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis fsiqologias, aris SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaoba (Polivy & Herman,

1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba

miscen Tavs: isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom

msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi

SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli mWameli misi sxeulis zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben adamianebi

wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs

aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis moxsnas, isini

TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebeloba

yvelaze xSiria maSin, rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT

SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas ukavSirdeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).

saidan viciT

SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SuzRudav mWamelebze

sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis mixedviT kolejis 96

studenti gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis piri) da SeuzRudavi (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad.

studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic

Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen. davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas

aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis

mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis

pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen, rom eqsperimentis

dawyebamde SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamowmeblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo

maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da „eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari, misi mtkicebis

miuxedavad“ ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, p. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis gareSe,

eqsperimentatorebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni namcxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.

gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi SfoTavdnen, isini orive

tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad,

Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti

raodenobiT Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva iwvevda zogad TavSeukaveblobas im

namcxvrebis mimarTac ki, romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).

186

cxrili 12.2 SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni

gamowveva TviTSefasebisTvis _

mokle sityviT gamosvlis albaToba,

romelic unda Sefasdebuliyo,

SezRudul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti

sakvebis miRebas iwvevda, vidre

SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am

kvlevam aCvena, rom, zogadad,

SezRuduli mWamelebi mxolod

maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas safrTxe emuqreba;

msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis

miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis

TviTSefasebas miayenes. rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom maT ver SeZles problemis

gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas

aiZulebdnen _ ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis videoCanawers. (Heatherton et al., 1993).

rodesac am cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTar warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met nayins,

vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi

qalebi monawileoben. mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).

SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis

dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwonis adamiani aRniSnavs,

rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli

movlena moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis

momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis

gamowveva da ara _ wonis dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur

Zalebs adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.

kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati

am qveTavs daviwyebT kvebis fsiqologuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im adamianTa

jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic

marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris

sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs. anoreqsiis diagnostireba

xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia

gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian „Rormucelobis“

SetevebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan sdevs Warbi

kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _ TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba,

SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV, 1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic

axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis

SeuzRudavi

mWamelebi

SezRuduli

mWamelebi

gansxvaveb

a

gemrieli namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

6.2

5.1

5.1

7.6

-1.1

+2.5

ugemuri namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

3.0

2.7

2.6

3.7

-0.4

+1.0

187

Sewovis Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms

SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi

SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.

me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilobebis

ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia aReniSneba mozardobis dasasrulisa da

axalgazrda qalebis daaloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT

itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi.

ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs garkveuli

mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes

(Strober, 1992). Tumca, gamokvlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri wonis Sesaxeb qalebis

warmodgenaze, romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri

Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs wonis dakleba; rasac ver

vityviT, Jurnalebze, romlebsac mamakacebi kiTxuloben (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis

warmodgenam, rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos

sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamkacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi,

nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, dadasturda mTeli rigi kvlevebiT, sadac naCvenebi iyo

mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi.

anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis

85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned

aRiqvams.

bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT,

rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.

saidan viciT

rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zoma sxvadasxva kulturebSi

vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis universitetis 349 studenti gamokiTxes kvebasTan da

dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb. am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad

imisa, rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba yofila odesRac dietaze

(aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _

hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix.

suraTi 12.1) amoerCiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.

studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom mamakacis

sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli

qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi:

„idealuri“ mamakaci imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli,

rogorc wesi, icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli

studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras

(Cogen et al., 1996).

188

sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.

Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si? mamakacebis ideals?

rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul

qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq

simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan asocirdeba“ (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze

xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebulia konkretulad qalebisTvis da

konkretulad haneli mamakacebis azriT.

amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis

povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam cxadhyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi

gacilebiT komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikeli gogonebi

(Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac Savi da TeTrkaniani kolejis studenti

gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi

aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi

parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan

gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi ufro metad

arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afromerikeli qalbatonebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ararsebobs

zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda ori populaciis gamocdilebas am aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi

raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian am

aSlilobebs (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac Seswavlili iqneboda sxva rasobrivi da

eTnikuri jgufebi, magram arsebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev ufro naklebad

gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT), magram Tanabrad _ espanuri

warmoSobis amerikelebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. Yyoveli moZiebuli SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben

kulturuli faseulobebis dakavSirebas sxeulis zomasa da dietis dacvasTan.

sur. 12.2. sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi

saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs

kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT

midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejis swavlisas gogonebs

189

mamakaci s i deal ur i sxeul i

3

4

5

6

7

aSS hana

mamakac ebi s ar Cevani qal ebi s ar Cevani

qal i s i deal ur i sxeul i

3

4

5

6

7

aSS hana

mamakac ebi s ar Cevani qal ebi s ar Cevani

SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _

warmoqmnili daZabulobis daZleva imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg

„ganiwmindon“ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda icodeT, rom

kolejis cxovreba moicavs aseT safrTxes.

Sejameba

SimSili gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri simaZRre, aseve

centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas

axdens memkvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi ,aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi, Tu

ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani. mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc SezRuduls da

SeuzRudavs. SezRudul mWamels aqvs tendencia miiRos uzomo raodenobis sakvebi, rodesac safrTxe

emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba.

rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas axdens misi

subkulturuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikel qalbatonebs naklebad

wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.

seqsualuri qceva

Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis

Sesaxeb? iolia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra _ gamravleba (reproduqcia), magram ramdenad

aixsneba amiT is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT

fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel mainc

mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac

adamianebi fiqroben seqsze? rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?

motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben adamianebi garkveuli

qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebis aris

aucilebeli. Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli

da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs mis

yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.

STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia

gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi warmoadgens uZlieres ganmamtkicebels im energiis

sazRaurad, romelic ixarjeba Sewyvilebis dros.

siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aZlevs, romelic gacilebiT

aRemateba Tavad reproduqciis moTxovnilebas. individi ganaxorcielebs mravalferovan qcevebs, raTa

miaRwios seqsualur dakmayofilebas. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs.

kultura adgens misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs

am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas, zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas,

upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.

am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb

cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.

190

cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss

reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi

gamoimuSaveben didi zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia sakmarisi energiiT, raTa embrionma

zrda daiwyos), xolo mamrebi gamoimuSaveben spermatozoidebs, romlebac SeuZliaT moZraoba

(kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis). orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos moqmedebebis

sinqronizacia, rom saTanado pirobebSi spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moxdes

Casaxva.

seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im

hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da

romlebsac gamoimuSaves sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi. mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da

is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba sakmarisi raodenobiT; Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis

nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis. Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi hormoni

estrogeni, rogorc wesi, gamomuSavdeba dReebis an Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis

mixedviT. amasTan, mdedrebi hormonalurad yovelTvis ar arian mzad SewyvilebisTvis.

es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad udevs

prognozirebadi stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis paterns saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven

naxeT virTxebis erTi wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve iciT, rogor iqcevian

danarCenebi. mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis yuradRebas.

Semdeg mamri Tvals miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. mdedri uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis

ukana nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev

gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola, romelic eakulaciamde 10-20-jer wydeba calkeuli intromisiebiT. amis

Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve

xanmokled wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami). siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZliavia da grZeldeba

daaxloebiT rva saaTi. mtaceblebs, magaliTad loms axasiaTebs xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ritualiT tkboba _ arc

meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis,

magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis dros

xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).

seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis potenciuri

partnioris mier ritualuri qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens

seqsualuri raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali

mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve

miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri aqtivoba, roca

mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva,

aseve, garegani stimulis rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4-e TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi saxeoba gamoyofs qimiur

signalebs _ feromonebs, romlebic izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al.,

1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad

aris momzadebuli ganayofierebisTvis, hormonebis koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks aRwevs.

amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyofili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia aRgznebisa da

191

yuradRebis miqcevisTvis; maT memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba. rodesac

datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi iynosavs SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns mezobel galiaSi,

is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT, reagirebs,

romlebic sqesobrivi aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).

miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia cxovelebSi mniSvnelovwilad Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT

aris ganpirobebuli, is kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli“ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

Sewyvilebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT erTgvari Tevzebis _ gupebis SemTxveva.

saidan viciT

buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris SerCevisas

umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs,

romelTa SeferilobaSic forToxlisferi Warbobs. Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad forToxlisfrad aris

Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic SeniSnes sxva mdedrTan. magram ra

xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva“) da aRzrda (,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis

arCeva“) upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma gamozardes iseTi

mamri gupebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi Seferilobis 0-40%-

iT. ,,eqsperimentuli“ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad

Seferil mamri gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen; sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ver akvirdebodnen Sewyvilebis

qcevas. suraTi 12.3. gviCvenebs bunebisa da aRzrdis Sedegs. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis

SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi irCeven im mewyviles, romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca

gansxvaveba ukiduresi xdeba(daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans ,,bunebis” sasargeblod _

irCeven ufro metad narinjisfer gupebs (Dugatkin, 1996).

gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom es uwyinari Tevzebi, romlebic akvariumSi cxovroben, yuradRebas

aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada

safuZveli, raTa adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mkvlevrebi

darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc

Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi adamianebis prioritetebi.

sur. 12.3. mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva

mdedri gupebi, eqsperimentul jgufSi xedaven

sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisfer mamri gupis axlos.

192

mdedri gupebi ,,sakontrolo“ jgufSi ver akvirdebian

sxva mdedris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom

arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris.

Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis

SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs im mamrs, romelic

sxva mdedrma ukve airCia. Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi

gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian

arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven narinjisfer

mamrs.

adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi

hormonalur aqtivobas, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsualuri qcevis

regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi

ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da

menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi. Tumca, normis farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi individualuri

gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni

testosteroni aucilebelia seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqeibrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60

wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvT, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia

normaluri seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raodenobis individualuri variacia normis farglebSi

ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba seqsualuri qcevebi.

adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aris aRelvebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba,

romelsac iwvevs fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqcia erotikul stimulze. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos

fizikuri an fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT gamowveuli

seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac pirovneba damakmayofilebel

moqmedebaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi.

mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur

reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla adamianebTan akrZaluli iyo.

uiliam mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es

tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom laboratoriul

pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda

adamianebis mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas, Tu

ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini

sinamdvileSi.

seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da jonsonma

ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise mamakacze da qalze masturbaciisa

da sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze

mniSvnelovani daskvna: _ (1) mamakacebi da qalebi seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT

xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi

msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvlebadni arian _ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, magram xSirad _ ufro xangrZlivi

reaqciisken; (3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca

193

mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan

asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).

adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi gamoyofen oTx fazas, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, orgazmi da

gadawyveta (ix. suraTi 12.4).

sur. 12.4. adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis fazebi

mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad

gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi

miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.

agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans grZeldeba)

menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskularuli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba,

klitori ibereba; sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba anu Cndeba

seqsualuri siwiTle.

platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba guliscema

da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva, Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie

kunTuri daZabuloba mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da mkerdebi ibereba.

orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian aqamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabulobis gantvirTvis

Zalze intensiur sasiamovno gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic

warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise

qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _ ormagdeba. mamakacebSi

pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, spermis amofrqvevas.

gadawyvetis anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebamdel

mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa

umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze), romelic

grZeldeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde. am drois manZilze kidev erTi orgazmis

miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda

sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis

kvleva fokusirdeboda seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze,

maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc

aRgznebaSi, ise _ dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri

procesebis centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes,

rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri

mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre fiziologiuri; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi modificireba an Terapiis

saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis

miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli problemebiT datvirTuloba,

SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo, SfoTva imis gamo, Tu rogor Seafasebs partniori individis

seqsualur moqmedebebs, aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba,

daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi raodenibiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve, amcirebs seqsualur

ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars.

seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _

aRgznebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri

mdgomareoba, romlic aRmocendeba erotikul

stimulebze fiziologiuri da kognituri

reaqciebiT.

194

Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fiziologiuri aspeqti,

magram jer ar gvisaubria im Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben gansxvavebebs seqsualur qcevebSi.

daviwyebT im ideiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs

seqsualuri qcevis gansxavebul paternebs.

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.

umTavresi mizania reproduqcia _ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba da seqsualuri qceva Zalze

ritualizebuli da streotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis

Sesaxebac?

evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes idea imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma da

qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999;

Wright, 1994). imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es strategiebi, unda gavixsenoT zogierTi realia adamianis

reproduqcidan. mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu

moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais

kovzi sperma da ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod

erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda dauTmon.

(sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena, aris 50, magram

mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels hyavda 7000 Svili;

CineTis pirveli imperatorze amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. orive maTgans hqonda didi

haramxana.)

amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom mamrebs

konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema, romelic dgas mamri

cxovelis winaSe, mis mier warmoqmnili STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad gazrdaa, rac miiRweva

SeZlebisdagvarad didi raodenobis mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT. magram ZiriTadi problema, romelic dgas

mdedri cxovelis winaSe, aris maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebna, raTa uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze

janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebisaTvis. ufro metic, adamianis

STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom

saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da

obobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma

Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod yvelaze didi,

yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed

mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebeliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo

bavSvebis gazrdaSi daexmareba.

erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva

mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali ganaviTareben sxvadasxva strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs

moklevadiani da grZelvadiani SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia _

erTgulebisa da valdebulebis Cveneba da Semdeg mitoveba _ moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili

strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalTan im erTguli

mamakacis moxibvlis startegia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani

195

strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan. erTni

amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes

moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom

mamakaci SemdgomSi izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian

dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamamakacebi (Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom

moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovenebeli

dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.

mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis prognozebis

mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.

maaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas

axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.

saidan viciT

qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba

mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis esa Tu is qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgufma Camoayaliba

hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalebis menstrualuri ciklis

fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi

gamoiyeneboda, cvlidnen kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise, rom mieRoT diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri

saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT yvelaze mimzidveli saxe

„grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis“, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri

Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda imaze, rom is

sando da saimedo partniori iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani „moklevadiani

urTierTobisTvis“ damokidebuli iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri ciklis im

fazaSi imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT maskulinur

saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im

saxidan, romelic ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli „kargi mzrunveli“ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic

metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi genebi“ hqonda.

am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is mainc

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmarTavdes Cveni evuluciuri istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan

aspeqtebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis mraval

prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier,

1999). magaliTad, qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi avlenen

met mravalferovnebas seqsualur reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi, vidre mamamkacebi (Baumeister, 2000).

es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik, 2000).

gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis „seqsualuri revolucia“: cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard

mzaobas _ daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri

istoria, aramedE maT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damkidebuleba.

mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _ dro

da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSoblebma

TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.

196

miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma xsnis adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts,

kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul variabilurobas

(cvalebadobas). seqsualuri qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da adgilis mimarT. swored am

normebze visaubrebT qvemoT.

seqsualuri qcevis normebi

rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas,

romelic 1940-ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma

misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT gamokiTxes daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli maTi seqsualuri qcevis

Sesaxeb da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic manamde

iSviaTadad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire,

aRiniSneboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri

qcevis Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi, formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da xmauriT

aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStaniani gamokiTxviT miRebuli

monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi SekiTxvebis mTel rigs svamdnen. cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod

mcire nawilia warmodgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba

sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan erT

partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom seqsualuri qcevis

normebi Seicvala ukanskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.

cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*

seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)

0 1 2-10 10 da meti

mamakacebi

qalebi

25-29 weli

55-59 weli

saSualo ganaTleba

kolejis ganaTleba

3

3

2

1

3

2

26

31

25

40

30

24

44

56

53

43

49

50

33

9

19

15

17

24

seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)

arc erTiweliwadSi

ramdenjerme

TveSi

ramdenjerme

kviraSi

orjer an metjer

mamakacebi

qalebi

mamakacebi

25-29 weli

55-59 weli

qalebi

25-29 weli

14

10

7

11

5

16

18

15

22

10

37

36

31

43

38

34

37

47

23

47

197

55-59 weli

mamakacebi

saSualo skola

koleji

qalebi

saSualo skola

koleji

30

10

9

11

14

22

15

18

16

17

35

34

38

38

37

13

41

35

36

33

*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.

seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli kulturis wevri. Cven

ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri“ da ,,mamakacuri“ aspeqti SeiZleba

warmoadgendes adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi

gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da misaRebad

miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad

(sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia, romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda

gakeTdes; rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes; dabolos, ratom unda

gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia cxovrebis manZilze socialuri

urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi

warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs, romelTa

ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an aucilebelia.

scenari warmoadgens socialuri

normebidan momdinare miTiTebebis (ra

aris swori da miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli

Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod

imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT, risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu

ras eliT Tqveni seqsuluri partniorisgan. rodesac ar aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven anda ar

axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos da problemuri gaxados

partniorebis urTierTSegueba.

yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi xSirad

interesedebian: ratom axorcieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca

arsebobs dafexmZimebis an veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe. evoluciisa da seqsualuri

gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad

axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma

mamakacma, vidre qalma, ganacxada, rom isini Sediodnen barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris

gacnobis mizniT (77% 14%-is winaaRmdeg) da maT hqoniaT seqsi axladgacnobil partniorTan (47% 24%-is

winaaRmdeg). amasTan, ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi yovelgvari kontracepciis

gareSe (78% 64%-is winaaRmdeg).

kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero, sadac mamakacebisa

da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs: gaupatiureba

paemanze. paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani

seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsualuri

pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswavlili programa.

198

aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu

ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa

78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15%

aRniSnavs, rom paemanis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton,

1987). rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze,

maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman

et al., 1998).

paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom

mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

simboluri winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis

TvalsazrisiT; es aris qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi,

sqesobrivi kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom

gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire, erTxel mainc

Sexvedria simboluri winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris arsebul gansxvavebaSi,

rogorc Cans, aisaxeba paemanze gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi

mamakaci simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc

qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon: _ sinamdvileSi qalebi

iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria.

seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamocdilebis seriozuli da

mniSvnelovani kategoria: homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa

(lesboselebsa) da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu

rogor marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan motivaciur ZalTa urTirTqmedeba.

homoseqsualuroba

aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axorcieleben

seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba. homoseqsualizmis,

rogorc heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT „gamowveuli“ qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad,

seqsualuri motivaciis Cvens mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas

„iwvevs“ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsulizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebis

ganapirobebs. arcerTi maTgani ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.

seqsualur qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi cdilobdnen homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis

gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis miRebas. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi SerCevis

mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod

homoseqsualuri gamocdileba (procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT

gviandel kvlevebSi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi

dakmayofilebisTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom

maT SerCevaSi qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram

SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels. aseve, maT kvlevaSi

mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda,

gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba

iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani

aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas

199

rom hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi?

sanam sazogadoeba mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survilebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT,

verc iqneba SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi

moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.

qvemoT ganvixilavT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs. aseve, mimovixilavT

gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.

homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda

evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom kvlevebis

monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad

xdeba, mkvlevrebma es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves, romelSic erTmaneTs

adarebdnen monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis

naxevari aqvT identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri da

heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali homoseqsualia,

meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da

lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur

tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen

calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi

tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi

monozigoturi tyupebis 48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey et

al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo, dizigoturis ki _

22%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro

metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad

epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba, nawilobriv,

genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli. flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma daiwyes im genebis

erTobliobis moZieba, romlebic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis

warmoqmnas (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia Tqvens

seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza,

magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi aspeqti wmindad

biologiuri faqtorebis gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).

socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia piradapir

gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis

temperamentsa da aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11-e Tavidan, rom mkvlevarebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da

biWebi sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben; biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT.

bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi

monawileoben bavSvebi, isini eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari

gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas. bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva erotikulad“. sakuTari

gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur aRgznebas iwvevs; droTa ganmavlobaSi es aRgzneba erotikulad

gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom

mas ar surs gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba

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homoseqsualur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas,

rom homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive SemTxvevaSi

sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul

mimzidvelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs,

is jerjerobiT mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor

warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva

mosazrebebs.

sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi

davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.

yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad

ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT, aris mudmivi mtroba

homoseqsualurobis gamovlinebebisadmi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli

mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris aSkara

garyvnilebaa”; maTi 64% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or qals Soris aSkara

garyvnilebaa.“ (Herek, 1994). Zalze uaryofiT damokidebulebas homoseqsualebis mimarT mkvlevrebma

homofobia uwodes. bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi

homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad, Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.

saidan viciT

niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualuri interess?

kvlevaSi monawileobda kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti, romelTagan TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs afasebda,

rogorc ,,calsaxad heteroseqsuals“. studentebi Seavses 25 debulebiani kiTxvari, romelic zomavda

homofobiis xarisxs. am skalis monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti miiCnies arahomofobikad, 35 studenti _

homofobikad. eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da

mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis videoCanawerebi. TiToeuli studentis reaqcia Canawerebze

izomeboda mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemowerilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis

mixedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da arahomofobikTa

reaqciebi, Tumca, homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa

homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).

es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba

homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv, SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva

mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.

homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive sqesis

warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi; aseTma pirobebma ki

SeiZleba gaarTulos am ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli

qali ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia anu SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson, 1999;

Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan

(orive sqesis) homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.

garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed imis

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gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena („Tavisuflebaze gamosvla“) an

dafarva („karCaketilSi jdoma“) sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973

wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan

amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikisa fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991). aseTi

naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa

umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT sakuTari seqsualuri

orientaciis Secvla, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu ,,magiuri abi“ SesaZlebels gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978;

Siegeman, 1972). am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad,

ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT _ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia sakuTari

orientacia, aramed seqsualuri motivaciis gamovlenaze adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

homoseqsuali mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis

damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (D,Augelli, 1993).

orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,gareT gamosvlisTvis“ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji gaxdes

sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa

ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icnoben am jgufSi

Semaval individebs; faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro

keTilganwobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me-18-e TavSi

crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs umciresobisasTan urTierTobas

adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde.) icnobT romelime homoseqsual mamakacs,

lesbosels an biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven

Tavad xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis

codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?

homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSulebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari daskvna

adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _

memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri

qcevis Sinagan modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo1 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros.

Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia

socialuri kulturis farglebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba

Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.

axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT: vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs

individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis an marcxisTvis.

Sejameba

cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevas, ZiriTadad, hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis arCevanze

gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi. masterma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies adamianis seqsualuri

reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg fazebad: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri

fsiqologebi cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis

realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis

1 External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

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studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi

Sedegi paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba

rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa

da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas, zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT

zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom

zogierTi es gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT, rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali

iqnebiT. magram Tqven isic iciT, rom rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dainteresebuli

lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad

mizezs. amjerad yuradReba SevaCeroT im motivaciur Zalebze, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli

miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romelsac miRwevis

moTxovnileba ewodeba

miRwevis moTxovnileba

jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas

axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid

maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland, 1953) SeimuSaves am moTxovnilebis siZlieris

gazomvis meTodika da ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis

wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs. miRwevis moTxovnilebis

siZlieris dasadgenad maklelandi iyenebda kvlevis monawileTa fantazias. monawileebs waredginebodaT

e.w. Tematuri apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis seria da moeTxovebodaT maTi mixedviT

moTxrobebis Sedgena: maT unda aReweraT, ra xdeboda suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda

movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda. navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi moaxdendnen

TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis proecirebas. maklelandis sityvebiT: „Tu gsurT, rom

icodeT, ra xdeba adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad

giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT,

aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis gamoyeneba

SeiZleba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad. . .“ (David McCLelland, 1971, p.5).

im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is suraTebis mixedviT

maklelandma SeimuSava gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris

Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba,

rogorc n Ach2. is asaxavs individualur gansxavevebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis

miznis dagemva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti,

romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali moTxovnilebebis mqone

2 n Ach – need for Achievement.

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individebma. rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis

validuroba.

Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test – TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic individs

garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas

iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.

miRwevis moTxovnieleba (Need for achievement – n Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba

_ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba, romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo

speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.

sur. 12.5. Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia

da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes, man unda

daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos. miuxedavad

imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom

gaxdes didi mevioline da siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT. is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis

mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs

gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze, raTa

emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dRes umaRlesi klasis musikosad gaRviZeboda,

magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa,

rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.

magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre dabali

maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n Ach maRali maCveneblebiT ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze

TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach dabali maCveneblebiT

xasiaTdebian (McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis

asakSi Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs 41

wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Ach individebi

yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach–is mqone individebs wardgenili

amocana rTulad eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad

tipuri Cans maRali n Ach–is mqone individebisTvis, aris efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvili _ igive Sedegis

miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom

moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben

sakuTari warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli,

sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland &Franz, 1992).

rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebma dainteresdnen: ramdenad aris

SesaZlebeli, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu

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dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri analiziT

miRebuli monacemebi.

saidan viciT

aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba

devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs Seadares: erTi

mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic agrovda 1951 wels, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile

bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb,

romlebic agrovda 1987-1988 wlebSi, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels

mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT

sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis

miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas mkacri

wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi

gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri

Semosavali, romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi daaxloebiT $10.000-iT

ufro mets Seadgenda, vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi aseTi

gamocdileba.

es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis

pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi dainteresebulobaze

axdens gavlenas. rom vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori

megobari, romlebic erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo

Sefaseba “C". rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon meore

semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas

mouZebnis TiToeuli maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.

magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis lokusze anu

imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni

moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia Tqvens mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze (orientacia internalur

anu Sinagan kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqsternalur anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT

motanil magaliTSi “C"-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba miaweros garegan (mSeneblobis xmurs

gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia aris msjeloba Sedegebis

mizezebis Sesaxeb. (atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17-e TavSi ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi

atribuciam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom

gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneblobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia, rom isini

bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamocdisTvis, xolo Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze

axdenen, savaraudoa, rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.

kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes atribucia (Peterson

&Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli (stabiluri) da mdgradia an

205

cvalebadi (arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori droTa ganmavlobaSi?“ pasuxi gvaZlevs

ganzomilebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri). an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad aris mizezobrivi

faqtori Zalze konkretuli (specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi

(globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi. pasuxi

gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri).

suraTze 12.6 mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba

urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba

SevaCeroT gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze. Tqvenma

megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sunagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa

SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi pirovnuli Tviseba); anda maT

miRebuli Sefaseba SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa amocanis sirTule,

sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli).

imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia,

savaraudod, iqneba erT-erTi im emociaTagani, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq

isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _ ufro bejiTad

mecadineobaze an SromisTvis Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis realuri mizezisgan

damoukideblad.

aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas, rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis maT mier

miRebul Sefasebas “C”, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs mogvcemen. erT-

erTma es SeiZleba miaweros raime garegans (,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda“), meorem

ki _ raime Sinagans („ar var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani“). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu

rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi mogebidan dawyebuli

paemanis SeTavazebaze uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad

iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebs axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos

Tqvens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis

manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs adamianebis

axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da pasiurobaze da imazec,

Seupovrad midian miznisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).

sur. 12.6. qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis

atribucia

oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis

atribuciis mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da

im situacidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba.

SesaZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias

Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias

Sinagani-cvalebadi, rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac

uSvebe garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.

atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba

Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.

kontrolis lokusi

Sinagani garegani

stabilu

roba ucvleli SesaZlebloba rTuli amocana

cvalebadi Zalisxmeva iRbali

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cxrili 12.4 atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi

Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakavSirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, romelsac

axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT.

magaliTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT

maSin, roca am warmatebas sakuTar unarebs

miawerT, da daTrgunuli xarT, Tu marcxs

SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad aRiqvamT;

anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas, rodesac

Tqvens mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa

moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca

sxvebi migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad.

me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-

zogadi-ucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri)

axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad“)

individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli motivacia). axla ki

vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma erT-erTma megobarma “A", meorem ki _

"F" Sefaseba miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen, aexsnaT, ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis

sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi

SexedviT, martivi ram iyo: optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis es ori

gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze.

atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi

situacia da individis roli mis gamomwvevaSi miiCneva ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad):

_ ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.“ atribuciis optimisturi stili marcxs garegani

mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: _ ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo“, xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (stabiluri) an

modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri): _ ,,Tu met Zalisxmevad gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad

gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb CemTvis

mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas“.

es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. optimisti iRebs

srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad pasuximgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas

garegan-cvalebad-zogad an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis,

pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan

gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb aseTi ganzogadebis

siswores. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis

agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996).

aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met

garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpetacia gavlenas axdens optimistTa da

pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.

am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas

saswavlo garemoSi.

emociuri reaqciebi

atribucia warmateba marcxi

SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba

darwmunebuloba

siamaye

arakompetenturoba

brZolaze uaris Tqma

daTrgunuloba

Zalisxmeva Semsubuqeba

kmayofileba

moduneba

braleulobis gancda

sircxvili

SiSi

sxvaTa

moqmedeba

madliereba brazi

mrisxaneba

bedi gakvirveba

sindisis qenjna

gakvirveba

gaoceba

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saidan viciT

atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi

rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, gsurT SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba. magram rogor

fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciatiurobiT

(Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)?

mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul

warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba

gakeTdes studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?

mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorientacia uwoda. studentTa

jgufs, romelTac miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damokidebuli karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT,

ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da

mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi Seexeboda iyo imas, Tu rogor miiRes

maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram,

rac Cemi karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da Zalisxmevas

moiTxovda” (Luzzo et al., 1996, p. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis

Semdeg, eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis lokusi karieris

arCevisas da, aseve, SemdgomSi ufro metad CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis

SesaZlenlobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufi ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).

imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis miwodebam karieris

arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia studentTa mosazrebebze momavlis Taobaze.

Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba. Tqven

SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili; SegiZliaT situaciaSi

SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi, stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia.

dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT

gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT

am wignSi.

Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia

warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri filosofia dagexmaraT, rom samsaxuri dagewyoT did korporaciaSi.

SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis

moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im

zogad konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao

garemo sTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava

aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli

adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,

samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze.

rogorc biznes konsultantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas uweven organizaciebs momsaxure

personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs

samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT

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morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,

gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs.

ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze arsebuli

motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben, axsnan da

iwinaswarmetyvelon, rogor moiqcevian adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am Teoriebis

Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa samarTlianobis

Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri mgdomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an

mosalodneli waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSao ukavSirdeba.

samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an

Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier

samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben

samuSaos Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a

muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis

Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a = danaxarji b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki

dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan uTanasworobis am

grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom

saTanadod Secvalon danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis

Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis

moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis: _ „Cemi samuSao arc Tu ise kargia“, an

Semosavlis: _ „gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb xelfass, romlis imdezec SemiZlia viyo,“ Rirebulebis

axleburi interpretacia).

organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs,

rogoricaa TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli

adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da

erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi

samuSaoze.

samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki

motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze;

agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT, samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi

Semosavlis proporciulia.

SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi? ganvixiloT

situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT Tqven am dros?

samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves arasasurvel

samuSaoze. faqtobrivad, rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am

samuSaos mimarT, darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben

Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993). Tu Tqven

xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT aseTi

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damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis

fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi. magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT „saTanado axsnis“ sargeblianoba.

molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom misi Zalisxmeva da

Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT,

adaminebi Seasruleben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad (romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da

Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: molodini,

instrumentaluroba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis

Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba. instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom

samuSaos Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad Sromis anazRaureba an jildo.

valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao situaciaSi am

sami komponenetisTvis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT

samuSao, sadac didia albaToba imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali

instrmentaluroba), magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulas SeasrulebT (dabali

molodini), an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valenturoba). molodinis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT maTi calkeuli

mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs maSin, rodesac didia samive

komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis

albaToba nulis tolia.

xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze

mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da valentobis naTlad

warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili

gaumarTavia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da

amisTvis miRebul anazRaurebas Soris ar aris sakmarisi Tanafardoba. rogor SecvlidiT samuSos pirobebs,

raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali Rirebuleba?

winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT, gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSo garemoSi

miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac iRebT pirovnul gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da

dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva

aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba

garkveulwilad xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad cxovrebaSi.

Sejameba

fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi, Tu rogor warimarTeba

adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba

moicavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres

axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor asruleben adamianebi

dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. organizaciuli fsiqolebis interesTa sferoSi Sedis

samuSo adgilze moqmedi mamotovirebeli faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Teoriebi aRweren, Tu rogor

moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.

210

molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria, romlic mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia

maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri motivebi

qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda

dakmayofildes romlis Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno dones miRweva, es moTxovnilebebi

progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?

Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar mogwondaT, albaT, bevri gecodinebaT imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs, itanjebode motivaciis naklebobiT: autanelia Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis

Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi

samuSao garemos moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis miRebuli anazRaureba Tqveni

motivaciuri moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen

profesiuli mowodebisa da adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis

urTierTTanxvedras.

profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad, unda gqondeT Tqveni interesebisa da

TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis Sesatyvisi samuSao. profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis

profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis. testis Sesaqmnelad

man gamokiTxa sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT

moswondaT an ar moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis misaRebad, im responendtTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi,

romlebic warmatebulni iyven konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti mamakacebis

pasuxebs.

testis Semdeg versiebs (maT Soris 1994 wels redaqtirebuls) daemata qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi

da axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994). strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT

adgens kavSirs adamianebis mier mowonebul da armowonebul saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis

profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli konsultanti SeZlebs

informaciis mowodeba im samuSaobis Sesaxeb, romlebic tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis

mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, romlic namdvilad mogewonebaT.

davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva miiReT imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias unda misdioT. rogor unda

amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo periodSi

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kadrebis SerCevis fsiqologiis mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-organizaciis morgebis

cnebas _ mizania adamianisa da im organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia, romelic mas daiqiravebs

(Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli

Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis ,,kulturis“ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli faqtori, romelsac

TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba; masSi moazrebuli kontiniumis ori ukiduresobaa: _ ,,TanamgrZnobi,

keTili da mosiyvarule“ da ,,civi. kapasi da sastiki“ (ix. Tavi 14). vnaxoT, aseve, organizaciebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kulturebis kontiniumi mxadamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan agresiul da

Sedegebze orientirebulamde. xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi

varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis mzaobis

mixedviT, amjobineben organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT

gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar aris

sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme:

aseve, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis miRwevis Cveneuli

meTodebi da organizaciis prioritetebi.

sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis mirwevis motivacias SegiqmniT, warmogidgenT

kidev erT, gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: cxovrebis sxva mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess,

rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric gansazRvravs. erT-erT kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxebSi gazrdil identur da

araidentur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT (strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli

interesebis ori kiTxavri (Moloney et al., 1991). ori kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia

identuri tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvets, rom dedis an mamis

profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar aris mxolod garemos Sedegi.

maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias? rogorc mravalricxovani

cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac fsiqologebma Caatares kvlevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT am

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia

bolo sam qveTavSi, yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze.

Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs, zogadi warmodgena

SegiqmnaT im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas.

humanisturma fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis

mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia

martividan umaRlesisken, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes

ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis

safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebismieri

moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri

moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad

aisaxebian Cvens qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi

donis moTxovnileba qmnis; es aris usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT SesaZlo safrTxis

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gamo, Tqveni motivaciis ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis

moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT. Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs

usafTxod grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis

moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da efeqtiani adamianis danaxvisa, romelsac

SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.

adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven

gamoZravebT Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi: gsurT Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare arsebobis

Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis winaswarganWvreta. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs

mecnierebs, rom mTeli TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maskous ierarqiis Semdeg

donezea mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva, romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT,

romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi _

gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc

uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni, moazrovneni

da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli

adamianuri moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari

potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan anu

TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi

TviTaqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebis

garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari Tavis da iseTad

iRebs, rogoric aris; socialurad gulisxmieria,

SemoqmedebiTia, Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da

gamowvevisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi

safexuria, romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis sruli

ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transcedenturis

moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZleb miiyvanos

cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde da

samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde.

Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris

gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis

miRwevas.

maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT

popularul xedvas warmoadgens. Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs

warmoadgens mosazreba, rom TiToeul adamians aqcs

moTxovnileba, ganviTardes da moaxdinos sakuTari

potencialis maqsimalurad realizeba. yovelTvis SegviZlia

aseTi dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi

cxadhyofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili

moTxovnilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs

axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa da

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transcendenturi moTxovnilebebi

kosmiuri daniSnulebis Secnobis sulieri moTxovnilebebi

TviTaqtualizaciis moTxovnilebapotencialis srulad

gamoyenebis moTxovnileba, gansazRvruli mizenisken

swrafva

esTetikuri moTxovnilebebimSvenierebisa da

wesrigis moTxovnileba

SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi

codnis, gagebis, siaxlis moTxovnilebebi

pativiscemis moTxovnileba

darwmunebulobis, sakuTari Tavis faseulobisa da kompetenturobis,

TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis

moTxovnileba

mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba

Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba

imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT

usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba

usafrTxoebis, komfortis, uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan

Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba

biologiuri oTxovnilebebisakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,

dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis moxsnis moTxovnilebebi

agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi. garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous

zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils

maSin, rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca, aseTi

SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT, rom maslous sqema dagexmarebaT Tqveni mamotivirebeli

swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi.

Cven grZeli gza ganvleT mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse asvla

everestze. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da SimSilis fsiqologia da adamiani seqsualobis evolucia da sociluri

ganzomilebebi. Cven gamovikvlieT individuluri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT

pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben buneba da

aRzrda, rogorc saxeobis, ise _ individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da

mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom xdeba,

rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis

miRwevisTvis?

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

motivaciis cneba

motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romlic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis micemis procesebis

aRsawerad.

motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs biologiuri da qceviTi

procesebi da ratom iswrafvian adamianebi miznebisken dabrkolebebisa da araxelsayreli pirobebis

miuxedavad.

ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs, motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis cnebas.

adamianebi motivirebulni arian aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiTac, romlebic ar ukavSirdebian

fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis Teoria gamoyofs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur wyvilebs.

instinqtebis Teoria gvTavazobs, rom motivacia xSirad eyrdnoba Tandayolil stereotipul reaqciebs.

socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usmeven individis mier situaciis aRqmas, interpretacias da

masze reaqcias.

kveba

sxeuls flobs mTel rig meqanizmebs kvebis procesis dawyebisa da SewyvetisaTvis.

Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam SeiZleba wonis momateba ufro

gamoiwvios, vidre wonis dakleba.

kvebiTi aSliloba janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa, romelic SeiZleba aRmocendes

kulturuli gavlenisa da sxeulis xatis darRevuli aRqmis Sedegad.

seqsualuri qceva

evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis meqanizmia.

cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.

mastersisa da jonsonis Sromam mogvawoda pirveli monacemebi qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri

reqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.

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evoluciuri fsiqologebis azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs

qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.

gansxvavebebma seqsualur scenarebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios seriozuli gaugebroba da mogviyvanos

Zaladobamde.

homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT, ise pirovnuli da socialuri

garemoTi.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

adamianebs aqvT miRwevis mravali moTxovnilebebi. miRwevis moTxovnileba gavlenas axdens imaze,

Tu rogor axdens adamiani warmatebisa da marcxis interpretacias.

ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi

da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.

organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao garemoSi adamianis motivaciis gavlenas.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia

abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria gvawvdis samuSao CarCos

motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

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anoreqsia

atribucia

bulimia

gaupatiureba

ltolvebi

Tanasworobis Teoria

molodinis Teoria

moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia

homeostazi

aRmZvrelebi

instinqtebi

motivacia

miRwevis moTxovnileba

organizaciis fsiqologia

mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili

reversiis Teoria

seqsualuri agzneba

seqsualuri scenarebi

socialuri daswavlis Teoria

Tematuri apercepciis testi