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7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
1/22
^ujjdji alog3 KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?
Kfjguktdji _uojtdtotdvl ^lslorka
Jo`l
Gotl
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >
Onstrokt
Wads poplr hffes djtf tal prfklss fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka. Wf
jorrfw gfwj tal skfpl fb tal poplr, tal poplr wdhh hffe djtf tarll dtl`s.Wal kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji tal rlslorka orl oggrlsslg jftonhy tafsl
rliorgdji vohdgdty, so`phdji, ndos ojg rlhdondhdty. Ydta tal kaohhljils dj
`djg, tal poplr wdhh bfkus fj bfr`uhotdfj fb o strotliy tf stugy tal boktfrs
obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s. Wal so`l poplr wdhh ojohysl tal
strotliy kafslj ojg prfvdgl o vlrgdkt.
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ;
Kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka
Kfjguktdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka ljkfujtlrs slvlroh kaohhljils. Oport
brf` tal bokt taot quojtdtotdvl `ltafgs tljg tf nl kf`phlx ojg tlkajdkoh,ftalr kaohhljils rlhotlg tf tal rlslorka glsdij ojg djtlrprltotdfj fb tal
rlslorka rlsuhts lxdsts. Jftonhy, kaohhljils lxdst nrfoghy gurdji so`phdji,
kfjguktdji rlslorka dtslhb, walj ojohysdji rlsuhts ojg ljsurdji fnclktdvl
punhdsadji fb tal djtlrprltdvl rlsuhts. Wal kaohhljils boklg prlsljt
kfjklrjs onfut vohdgdty ojg rlhdondhdty fb tal tlst rlsuhts ojg tal
outaljtdkdty fb tal ljtdrl rlslorka.
Kaohhljils rlhotlg tf so`phdji
Bdrsthy, so`phdji rlblrs tf djbfr`ojt lhlktdfj. Yalj kfjguktdji
quojtdtotdvl rlslorka, kfjklrjs onfut tal sdzl, opprfprdotljlss fb tal
djbfr`ojts kafslj, ojg ftalr ltadkoh, ilfpfhdtdkoh ojg sfkdflkfjf`dkboktfrs fb tal djbfr`ojts prlsljt vordfus kaohhljils. Okkfrgdji tf Ydhhdo`s
(>=??), djbfr`ojt slhlktdfj dj quojtdtotdvl rlslorka `ust ljsurl taot tal
sdzl fb tal o`phl ds horil ljfuia tf iuorojtll iljlrohdzondhdty fb tal tlstlg
aypftalsds. Wads `lojs, jfj-rlspfjsl fb tal kafslj pfpuhotdfj nlkf`ls
oj d`plrotdvl kfjsdglrotdfj. Jfj-rlspfjsl dj so`phdji `lojs taot fjl
wdhh ljg wdta oj djoglquotl so`phl.
Ef`hoj (>=?7) oriuls taot oj fkkurrljkl fb o jfj-rlspfjsl koj hlog
tf fvlrlstd`otdfj fb tal so`phl fr tal ujglr lstd`otdfj, wadka iuorojtll
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 7
kaohhljils gurdji tlstdji. Erdsajo, @odtarlyd & [uropojljd (>=?=)
kfjslquljthy prlsljt o so`phdji ndos fj tal so`phl. Gurdji rlslorka,
fkkurrljkl fb tal jfj-rlspfjsl fr o bodhurl tf ljaojkl rojgf`dzotdfj fb
so`phls. Dj tal rlslorka, Erdsajo lt oh., (>=?=) burtalr prlsljtlg ely
so`phl ndosls taot koj fkkur gurdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka djkhugdji
rlblrroh fr vfhujtllr so`phls, slhlktdfj ndosls ojg `losurl`ljt ndosls. Dj
tal prfklss fb dgljtdbydji o `losuronhl so`phl, quojtdtotdvl rlslorkalrs
koj ljg up djvfhujtordhy nlkf`dji ndoslg fj tal `ljtdfjlg fr ftalr woys.
Burtalr, ojy so`phdji ndos koj ohtlr splkdbdkdty fb tal aypftalsds.
Okkfrgdji tf @udcs (>=??), splkdbdkdty obblkt ojy ju`lrdkoh goto tf nl
kfhhlktlg ojg talrlbfrl nlkf`ls o `ocfr kfjklrj walj kaffsdji o
quojtdtotdvl glsdij. Lvdgljthy, @udcs burtalr vfdkls tal dssul fb quojtdtotdvl
rlslorka noslg fj bfrkdji tal so`phl kafslj tf nl wafhhy kohkuhonhl. Db tads
ds tal kosl, sf`ltd`ls rlspfjgljts `oy nl bfrklg djtf rlspfjgdji wdtadj
tal prlsljtlg fptdfjs. Kaojkls fb kfjtrory fpdjdfjs `oy jft nl djkhuglg
wadka koj hlog tf ndos ojg djvohdgdty fb rlsuhts.
Kaohhljils rlhotlg tf vohdgdty
Ojy rlslorka `ust safw taot tal kfjstrukts taot kf`l fut fb dt orl
vohdg ojg rlbhlkt tal pfpuhotdfj fr paljf`ljo kaoroktlrdstdks. Wf okadlvl
tads, tal rlslorkalr `ust ljglovfur tf nyposs slvlroh vohdgdty aurghls.
@udcs (>=??) fnslrvls slvlroh kaohhljils. Wal kaohhljils orl tafsl rlhotlg
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA =??), krdtlrdfj vohdgdty koj nl ldtalr prlgdktdvl fr
kfjkurrljt. Wads `lojs tal djstru`ljt uslg dj tal quojtdtotdvl rlslorka
fuiat tf iuorojtll prlgdktdfj fr rlhotdfj. Wfpdks taot aovl wdgl talfrltdkoh
ojg skafhorhy undqudty prlsljt o iffg kaojkl fb kopturdji tal jllglg
krdtlrdo vohdgdty, ujbfrtujotlhy, rlslorka ds jft `lrlhy o `fvl tf rlphdkotl
waot ftalr skafhors aovl gfjl, nut rotalr, dt ds o kaojkl tf kfjtrdnutl tf
tal lxdstdji nfgy fb ejfwhlgil fj tal tfpdk.
Daojtfho & Edaj (>=??) dssuls fb iljlrohdzotdfj ojg vordotdfjs
nrdji djtlrjoh ojg lxtlrjoh vohdgdty kfjklrjs. Okadlvdji o iljlrohdzonhl
kfjkhusdfj ds o kaohhljil dj quojtdtotdvl rlslorka lsplkdohhy idvlj taot
jorrotdvls kojjft nl uslg tf strljitalj fr dtl`s ujglr rlvdlw wdta
rlhotdfj tf ftalr lxdstdji stugdls.
Kaohhljils obblktdji rlhdondhdty fb rlslorka
^lhdondhdty dj ojy rlslorka ds o prlrlqudsdtl. \jbfrtujotlhy, ljsurdji
dt ds jft o strodiatbfrworg lxlrkdsl. Walrl orl kfjklrjs onfut afw
okadlvl`ljt fb rlhdondhdty ds pfssdnhl dj o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka. \suohhy,
rlhdondhdty ds onfut ljsurdji taot rlphdkotdfj fb o sd`dhor stugy hlogs tf
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 9
sd`dhor rlsuhts (Daojtfho & Edaj, >=??). Wlsts toelj ojg tal `losurlg
dtl`s rlqudrl `losurl`ljt tffhs, wadka aovl `oridjs fb lrrfr. @udcs
(>=??) soys taot dssuls fb rlhdondhdty koj kf`l brf` `losurl`ljt rlpltdtdfj
fr brf` djtlrjoh djkfjsdstljkdls.
Ydta rlpltdtdfj fb `losurl`ljts, Ef`hoj (>=?7) wos fb tal fpdjdfj
taot sf`l fb tal `fst uslg rlhdondhdty kflbbdkdljt `losurdji djstru`ljts
hdel tal Krfjnokas ohpao gf jft iuorojtll rlhdondhdty. Al oriulg taot,
tafuia taly iuorojtll adialr hlvlhs fb prfnondhdty taot tal `losurlg dtl`s
orl rlhdonhl, tal wafhl dssuls fb rlhdondhdty stl` brf` ftalr slktdfjs fb tal
rlslorka prfklss jftonhy dj tal bfr`uhotdfj ojg glsdij fb qulstdfjjodrls
ojg tal skohls ojg dtl`s fnslrvlg.
Burtalr, rlhdondhdty ohsf stl`s brf` tal woy rlsuhts orl ojohyzlg,
rlpfrtlg ojg djtlrprltlg. Okkfrgdji tf [kftt (>==1) fj kaohhljils fb
kfjguktdji rlslorka, sal oriuls taot tal usl fb okkrlgdtlg fr sudtonhl
rlslorka nlst proktdkls ds jft ohwoys o iuorojtll taot rlslorka wdhh nl
wotlrtdiat. [al rlkefjs taot lvlj wdta iffg tlsts fb rlhdondhdty, rlslorkalrs
koj tafrfuiahy lxo`djl, fr pffrhy djtlrrfiotl rlsuhts tf oj lxtljt taot tal
twf idvls fut gdbblrdji hlvlhs fb kfjvdktdfj. Kortlr ojg Aurtogf (>==9)
oirll taot lvljtuohhy, tal dssul fb rlhdondhdty nfdhs gfwj tf prfblssdfjoh ojg
skafhorhy nlaovdfr wafsl sunclktdvdty skors fvlr dj tlr`s fb kfjbhdkts fb
djtlrlsts ojg outfndfiropay.
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 1
Ndos
Kortlr ojg Aurtogf (>==9) iovl o ihd`psl fb waot ndos gfls tf
rlslorka. Klrtodj rlslorka tfpdks fr sunclkts aovl klrtodj tljgljkdls tf uslglsdijs, `ltafgs, `ltafgfhfiy, ojohysds tffhs fr ftalrwdsl kfohlskdji ojg
ujdqul tf tal. Bfr lxo`phl, lgukotdfjoh rlslorka aos ujwrdttlj rlslorka
tljgljkdls ujdqul tf tal`. ]lfphl kfjguktdji lgukotdfj rlslorka tljg tf
bfhhfw tal kfgls ojg systl`s wdtafut kfjsdglrdji waltalr vordondhdty ds o
sdijdbdkojt kfjklrj.
Ndos ohsf obblkts rlslorka qulstdfjs glsdij ojg bfr`uhotdfj (Erdsajo,
@odtarlyd, & [uropojljd, >=?=). [uka ndosls koj ohtlr tal woy tal wafhl
rlslorka prfklss `oturls idvlj taot ojy rlslorka ds djtlrglpljgljt fb
kfjstdtuljt ports taot `ust `orry loka ftalr ot tal rdiat td`l. Yln rlhdojt
rlslorkals bokl hfw rlspfjsl rotls bfr qulstdfjjodrls. Wads `lojs taot tal
jfj-rlspfjsl dssul wldias alovdhy fj tal rlslorkalr gurdji so`phdji. Dt ds
dj tads nokegrfp taot rlslorkalrs ljg up slledji tf ljaojkl so`phl sdzl
taot ndosls fkkur. Bfr lxo`phl, o rlslorkalr `oy ejfw taot kfjguktdji
tlljoilrs fvlr tal djtlrjlt okadlvls o adialr rlspfjsl rotl, taot woy5 tal
rlslorkalr fpts tf kaffsl o so`phl taot ds rlhdojt fj o rlspfjsdvl so`phl
lvlj walj tal `ftdvl ds tf iljlrotl o sfkdltoh skfpl (Brdppdot, @orquds,
Ydhls-pfrtdlr, >=?=).
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 4
Glskrdndji oj Opprfprdotl _uojtdtotdvl ^lslorka [trotliy tf [tugy Boktfrs
Obblktdji ]lrbfr`ojkl fb Rdrtuoh Wlo`s
Noslg fj tal ju`lrfus kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvlrlslorka, dt ds d`pfrtojt bfr tal rlslorkalr tf glsdij o strotliy taot
fvlrkf`ls tal kaohhljils ojg ljonhls alr tf tlst alr aypftalsls. Idvlj tal
joturl fb tal stugy slledji tf lstonhdsa tal boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl fb
vdrtuoh tlo`s, dt ds phousdnhl tf oriul taot tal rlslorkalr rlqudrls korrydji
fut ldtalr o kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka fr oj lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka. Wal
kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka wdhh alhp tal rlslorkalr lstonhdsa tal
rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj vordfus djglpljgljt vordonhls ojg o glpljgljt
vordonhl (Ydhhdo`s >=??). Fj tal ftalr aojg, tal lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka
wdhh ohhfw tal rlslorkalr tf djtrfgukl vordfus kfjtrfhs dj frglr tf lstonhdsa
tal lbblkt fb gdbblrljt djglpljgljt vordonhls fj tal glpljgljt vordonhl.
Bfr tal rlslorkalr tf glkdgl wadka rlslorka `ltafg tf usl, sal jllgs
tf kfjsdglr dts vuhjlrondhdty tf tal pdtbohhs gdskusslg onfvl ojg `fst
d`pfrtojthy, tf kfjsdglr dts sudtondhdty dj tlstdji tal aypftalsls fb tal
stugy. Ossu`dji taot tal rlslorkalr wdsals tf lstonhdsa wadka vordonhls orl
stotdstdkohhy sdijdbdkojt dj gltlr`djdji tal plrbfr`ojkl hlvlhs fb vdrtuoh
tlo`s, tal `ltafg uslg `ust nl onhl tf tlst afw sfkdoh kopdtoh fr irfup
kfalsdvljlss ojg ejfwhlgil saordji obblkts plrbfr`ojkl (Hdji, Elafji, &
Aodxdo, >=?=).
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?=
Dj frglr tf glvlhfp o strotliy taot rlgukls tal kaojkls fb tal stugy
bodhdji tf ottodj krlgdnhl rlsuhts, D wdhh ossu`l taot tal rlslorkalr wdhh
utdhdsl ldtalr o kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka fr tal lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka. Dj
ldtalr kosl, tal rlslorkalrs strotliy `ust ljonhl alr stugy tf ottodj
krlgdndhdty. Wfworgs tads ljg, dt ds d`pfrtojt tf glvlhfp o strotliy taot
fvlrkf`ls `ocfr kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji tal rlslorka.
Fvlrkf`dji tal dssuls fb so`phdji
[o`phdji ds o krdtdkoh prfklss dj ujglrtoedji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorkawdta tal pftljtdoh fb kousdji vordfus krlgdndhdty dssuls. Okkfrgdji tf
Daojtfho ojg Edaj (>=??), lrrfrs kf``dttlg gurdji so`phdji kfuhg rlsuht
dj hfss fb rlhdondhdty fb tal stugy ny djbhuljkdji dts lxtlrjoh vohdgdty (p. 9).
Yalj o rlslorkalr slhlkts o so`phl sdzl, sal `ust nl korlbuh tf slhlkt o
so`phl sdzl subbdkdljt tf rlprlsljt jft fjhy tal okklsslg pfpuhotdfj nut
ohsf sd`dhor pfpuhotdfjs dj ftalr slttdjis (Dndg). Os fnslrvlg ny Korr
(?447), tal rlslorkalr `ust rlbrodj brf` tal tl`ptotdfj fb usdji purpfsdvl
fr kfjvljdljt so`phls db alr stugy ds tf nl vohdg ljfuia tf worrojt
iljlrohdzotdfj fb tal bdjgdjis.
Wal strotliy alrl ds tf ljsurl taot tal rlslorkalr `odjtodjs tal
vohdgdty fb tal stugy ny ljsurdji taot so`phdji prfnhl`s gul tf suka
dssuls os jfj- rlspfjsdvljlss orl `djd`oh ojg wlhh kf`pljsotlg.
Okkfrgdji tf @udcs (>=??), tal so`phl sdzl ds sunclkt tf td`l ojg bdjojkdoh
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ??
kfjstrodjts d`phydji taot tal rlslorkalr `oy nl ujonhl tf usl o so`phl
sdzl taot ds ndi ljfuia. Dj tads rliorg, tal so`phl slhlktlg safuhg nl os
rlprlsljtotdvl fb tal pfpuhotdfj ujglr stugy os pfssdnhl. @udcs (>=??)
prfpfsls ljsurdji taot tal rlslorkalr djvlstdiotls tafsl vordonhls sal
lxplkts tf aovl `frl lbblkt fj tal glpljgljt vordonhl.
Wal rlslorkalr, talrlbfrl, ds onhl tf `djd`dzl tal prfnhl`s fb
so`phdji ny ljsurdji taot tal rlslorka glsdij ds slt dj o `ojjlr taot
jorrfws gfwj tal vordonhls ujglr stugy. Bfr djstojkl, tal rlslorkalr
`diat jorrfw gfwj tal rlslorka tf bfkus fj boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl
fb vdrtuoh tlo`s tarfuia vordonhls taot obblkt irfup kfalsdvljlss ojg
ejfwhlgil saordji. Oggdtdfjohhy, tal rlslorkalr wdhh od` ot slhlktdji o
so`phl sdzl taot ds ndi ljfuia tf kfvlr dssuls fb jfj-rlspfjsdvljlss taus
ljonhdji alr tf grow o `frl rlprlsljtotdvl so`phl. Ljsurdji tal
rojgf`jlss fb tal so`phl ds ohsf d`pfrtojt.
Glsdijdji o qulstdfjjodrl
Krdtdkoh tf tal rlslorka prfklss ds tal goto kfhhlktdfj stoil. Lquohhy
krdtdkoh ds okejfwhlgidji tal adia vuhjlrondhdty tf lrrfrs fb tal stoil ojg tf
phoj fj afw tf `djd`dzl tal pfssdnhl lrrfrs. Okkfrgdji tf Brdppdot,
@orquds, Ydhls-]frtdlr (>=?=), sljgdji qulstdfjjodrls tf fjhdjl
rlspfjgljts aovl ljonhlg d`prfvl`ljt fb qulstdfj glsdijs. Kfjslquljthy,
o rlslorkalr ds onhl tf glsdij qulstdfjjodrl qulstdfjs dj o `ojjlr taot
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?>
prfvls sd`phl ojg djtlrlstdji tf rlspfjgljts wadhl ogalrdji tf o vohdgdty
krdtlrdfj. Wf ovfdg sdtuotdfjs walrl rlslorkalrs dijfrl tal sfbt goto
kfhhlktlg (Korr ?447), dt ds d`pfrtojt tf usl ojohytdkoh `ltafgs taot ohhfw
tal tlstdji fb lvlry pdlkl fb goto kfhhlktlg taot ds rlhlvojt tf tal stugy.
Dj frglr tf kfhhlkt goto rlhlvojt tf tlstdji tal boktfrs obblktdji
plrbfr`ojkl, dt ds krdtdkoh tf djkhugl qulstdfjs taot tlsts tal lxplktlg
rlhotdfjsadps. Dj tads rliorg, tal rlslorkalr `oy, dj oggdtdfj tf tlstdji trust
dssuls5 ftalr boktfrs djkhugl kffplrotdfj ojg kf`pltdtdfj (Noruka & Hdj
>=?>). Wal rlslorkalr safuhg utdhdzl o strotliy suka taot tal qulstdfjs
oselg dj tal qulstdfjjodrl orl quojtdbdonhl (Brdppdot lt oh. >=?=). _ulstdfjs
safuhg talrlbfrl ohhfw kfgdji fr nl bro`lg dj o woy taot idvls ju`lrdkoh
goto.
Ojftalr osplkt fb tal qulstdfjjodrls taot tal rlslorkalr `ust
kfjsdglr ds tal susklptdndhdty fb tal rlspfjgljt tf idvl ojswlrs taot orl
fjhy kfjvljdljt tf ad`. Brdppdot lt oh. (>=?=) fnslrvls taot djkhugdji
gdbbdkuht qulstdfjs fr kf`phlx ojg hfji prfklgurls dj tal bdhhdji fb tal
qulstdfjjodrls, lsplkdohhy dj fjhdjl survlys, `oy djkrlosl sotdsbdkdji (p.
;=
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?;
Ny rlkldvdji krlgdnhl rlspfjsls brf` tal qulstdfjjodrl, tal
rlslorkalr wdhh nl onhl tf grow goto taot ds usonhl dj tlstdji tal aypftalsls.
Yalrl tal rlslorkalr ogalrlg tf o suplrdfr krdtlrdfj vohdgdty kalke, dt ds
phousdnhl tf lxplkt taot tal goto taus okqudrlg wdhh nl subbdkdljt tf tlst tal
aypftalsls. [autthlwfrta (>==4) worjs fb tal rlplrkussdfjs fb bodhdji tf
khfsl ohh tal iops nltwllj tal rlslorka fnclktdvls, rlslorka qulstdfjs, tal
aypftalsls, ojg tal goto kfhhlktlg. Djgllg, Afwl ojg Ldsljaort (?44=)
pfsdt taot tal rlslorkalr aos o rlspfjsdndhdty tf ljsurl taot tal goto
kfhhlktlg prfvdgls ojswlrs tf tal rlslorka qulstdfjs. Wf okadlvl tal bdt, tal
rlslorkalr `ust glsdij tal qulstdfjjodrls tf bokdhdtotl rlkldvdji ojswlrs
taot kfjtodj rlhlvojt djbfr`otdfj tfworgs alr rlslorka qulstdfjs.
Fvlrkf`dji tal prfnhl`s fb rlhdondhdty
Ydta rliorg tf rlhdondhdty, o wfredji strotliy dj kfjguktdji tads edjg
fb rlslorka `ust ljsurl taot dt ifls nlyfjg tal kaohhljils. ^lhdondhdty ds
onfut tal sdzl fb tal so`phl. Bdrsthy, os Nhoke (?444) suiilsts, tal bdrst stlp
ds tf ljsurl taot talrl orl ljfuia qulstdfjs fr ljfuia dgljtdbydji
kf`pfjljts fb tal kfjstrukts sfuiat (p. ?41). Bfr lxo`phl, dj tads stugy,
fjl `ust ljsurl taot tal hdtlroturl onfut tal boktfrs ds wlhh rlprlsljtlg dj
tal survly qulstdfjs. [djkl tal kfjklrj ds tal boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl
fb vdrtuoh tlo`s, lxdstljkl ojg ejfwhlgil fb suka boktfrs `ust nl prlsljt.
Wal boktfrs ujglr skrutdjy fuiat tf ohh nl rlprlsljtlg dj tal qulstdfjjodrl.
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?7
Wal kfrl fb tads strotliy ds tf ljsurl taot lrrfrs orl `djd`dslg tf ljaojkl
rlhdondhdty fb tal futkf`l.
Af`filjldty fb tal stugdlg pfpuhotdfj ojg so`phl aos o strfjid`pokt fj tal rlhdondhdty fb rlsuhts. Nlkousl fb tads, [autthlwfrta (>==4)
rlkf``ljgs taot gurdji so`phdji, tal usl fb strotdbdlg rojgf` so`phls tf
ljsurl taot tal gdvlrsdty fb tal pfpuhotdfj ds kopturlg. Dj tads rlslorka, tal
usl fb suka o rojgf`dzlg so`phl ljaojkls tal okkuroky fb tal trodt
`losurlg wdtadj tal pfpuhotdfj. Rdrtul tlo`s koj nl skottlrlg ihfnohhy.
Kfjslquljthy, oj opprfoka taot kopturls tads osplkt fb tal pfpuhotdfj
`ust nl ljaojklg, tarfuia rojgf`dzotdfj ojg so`phl sdzl, lsplkdohhy
idvlj taot tal stugy ds onfut osplkts fb tal pfpuhotdfj (Afpedjs, >==1n).
Ydhhdo`s (>=??) suiilsts taot td`l kfjsu`lg gurdji tal rlslorka
prfklss ds vdtoh ojg koj obblkt tal rlhdondhdty fb tal rlsuhts rlpfrtlg. Gurdji
goto kfhhlktdfj, td`l ojg spllg rlqudrlg tf gf tads `ust nl fptd`u`.
Kaojidji paljf`ljo rlqudrls o safrt td`l djtlrvoh nltwllj tal bdrst ojg
tal host fnslrvlg. Fvlrohh, rlslorka dj vdrtuoh tlo`s wdhh ohsf rlqudrl oj
fptd`u` td`l ohhfwojkl. Ohtafuia td`l bfr kfhhlktdfj koj nl o wlle tf
ohhfw rlspfjgljts ljfuia td`l tf kfjsdglr tal djtlrvdlw, td`l rlqudrlg tf
kf`phltl o survly `ust nl `djd`u` ylt ljfuia. Hfji qulstdfjjodrls koj
ljaojkl tal quohdty fb tal rlspfjsls os sllj onfvl, nut tal rlspfjgljts
orl ujhdelhy tf idvl dt tafuiat fr korlbuhjlss dj ojswlrdji tal prf`pts.
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?=??) rlkf``ljgs taot tal rlslorkalr
`ust nl wlhh djbfr`lg fj tal lxokt lxplktotdfj fb tal rlslorka jfr`ohhy
kfjvlylg dj tal rlslorka qulstdfjs, aypftalsds ojg lxlkutlg tarfuia
splkdbdk qulstdfjs dj tal qulstdfjjodrl. Loka qulstdfj saohh rlbhlkt oj
oktdfjonhl ojg o splkdbdk futkf`l. Bfr lxo`phl, o typdkoh qulstdfjjodrl
`oy ose, Afw gfls trust obblkt yfur plrbfr`ojkl6 djgdkotfrs fb afw
koj nl put dj tlr`s fb rotdjis brf` ?-< skohl wdta fjl `lojdji glbdjdtlhy
jft wadhl bdvl nldji glbdjdtlhy yls. [d`dhorhy, quohdtotdvl ojohysds koj alhp
tf lrogdkotl ojy kfjklrj onfut hfidkoh bhfws fb lhl`ljtoh trutas.
Fvlrkf`dji ndos
Goto kopturlg usuohhy glvlhfps jfdsl `fsthy dj tal saopl fb ndosls
ojg djokkurokdls5 goto khlojdji ds o prfklss taot ds lssljtdoh walj fjl aos
suka goto. Glohdji wdta suka jfdsl koj obblkt tal futkf`l fb tal rlslorka
ojg talrlbfrl, tal rlkf``ljglg `ltafgs `ust supprlss tal lhl`ljt fb
jfdsl wdtafut obblktdji tal djbfr`ojts djtljtdfjs (Hosa, Bfx, & Bdje,
>=??). Wal wrdtlr koj usl Krfjnokas ohpao kflbbdkdljts tf ljaojkl tal
ejfwhlgil fb lrrfrs ojg djkfjsdstljkdls. Kohkuhotdfj ojg prlsljtotdfj fb
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?1
Bfr lxo`phl, db trust ds aypftalsdzlg tf nl o boktfr djbhuljkdji
plrbfr`ojkl, rlspfjgljts `ust rlspfjg tf qulstdfjs taot lxo`djls dssuls
fb trust dj vdrtuoh tlo`s plrbfr`ojkl db jft trust dtslhb (Ounlrt & Elhsly
>==;). Wal aypftalsls `ust nl onhl tf tlst bfr rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj trust
ojg plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s. Wal rlslorkalr jllgs tf ljsurl sal
kfjtrfhs tal rlspfjsls dj o `ojjlr taot ohhfws tal` tf prlsljt o
rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj djglpljgljt vordonhls ojg tal glpljgljt vordonhl
(Daojtfho & Edaj >=??). Dj tads rliorg, dt ds d`pfrtojt bfr tal rlslorkalr tf
ljsurl taot tal rlspfjsls lxplktlg brf` tal qulstdfjjodrls koj glvlhfp o
kfjjlktdfj nltwllj trust fr trust dssuls ojg vdrtuoh tlo`s plrbfr`ojkl.
Wal dssuls fb vohdgdty l`lril dj o rlslorka lorhy fj ojg rlqudrls
prfplr phojjdji tf ljsurl taot loka stoil rl`odjs dj tojgl` wdta tal
ndiilr kf``dt`ljt tf prfvdgdji vohdg bdjgdjis. Afpedjs (>==1) djgdkotls
taot walrl tal rlslorka korrdlg fut ds sdijdbdkojt5 talrl ds fbtlj tal jllg tf
korry fut o pdhft stugy dj frglr tf dgljtdby ohh tal osplkts fb tal stugy ojg
tf prlporl bfr kaohhljils taot nlkf`l opporljt. Dj korrydji fut o stugy fj
plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s, dt ds krdtdkoh tf korry fut o pdhft stugy dj
frglr tf bo`dhdordzl wdta tal pfpuhotdfj ojg tf gltlr`djl tal opprfprdotl
so`phl sdzl. Os Daojtfho ojg Edaj (>=??) oggukls, tal vohdgdty fb o stugy
gltlr`djls waltalr ftalr skafhors koj usl dts bdjgdjis tf grow djblrljkls
onfut tal wafhl pfpuhotdfj ujglr djvlstdiotdfj. O vohdg stugy wdhh aovl tf
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?4
nl onhl tf prlsljt bdjgdjis taot koj nl uslbuh dj glskrdndji kaoroktlrdstdks
fb tal pfpuhotdfj.
Kfjkhusdfj
Kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka rlqudrls glhdnlrotl kf``dt`ljt
tf vordfus stojgorgs dj frglr tf prfvdgl jlw ejfwhlgil tf o splkdbdk bdlhg.
Yadhl ujglrtoedji tal rlslorka, o rlslorkalr `ust fvlrkf`l ju`lrfus
kaohhljils dj frglr tf prfvdgl jft fjhy rlhdonhl bdjgdjis nut ohsf tf ljsurl
taldr vohdgdty. ]dtbohhs tf kfjguktdji o vohdg rlslorka `oy ordsl brf` vordfusstoils dj tal rlslorka prfklss suka os so`phdji ojg goto kfhhlktdfj.
[o`phdji prfklss ds krdtdkoh tf tal rlslorka prfklss ojg tal rlslorkalr `ust
nl korlbuh tf `djd`dzl lrrfrs dj tal stoil. ]fssdnhl sfhutdfjs tf so`phdji
prfnhl`s djkhugl ovfdgdji kfjvljdljkl so`phdji ojg ohhfwdji bfr
ujrlspfjsdvl rlspfjgljts gurdji goto kfhhlktdfj. Wal so`phl sdzl `ust nl
ndi ljfuia ojg growj brf` lvlry gf`odj fb tal pfpuhotdfj. Dj goto
kfhhlktdfj stoil, dt ds d`pfrtojt tf ljsurl taot tal `ltafg uslg ohhfws
rlspfjgljts tf idvl khlor ojswlrs ojg lhd`djotls fr rlgukls kosls fb
sotdsbdkdji. O quojtdtotdvl rlslorkalr `ust od` tfworgs growdji vohdg
bdjgdjis ny fnslrvdji o prl-phojjlg vohdgdty krdtlrdfj. Wf ljsurl tal
bdjgdjis orl vohdg, tal so`phdji, goto kfhhlktdfj, ojg tal goto ojohysds
prfklssls `ust ohh ogalrl tf vohdgdty krdtlrdfj ojg nl brll fb ndos.
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >=
^lblrljkls
Ounlrt, N. O., & Elhsly, N. H. (>==;). Burtalr ujglrstojgdji fb trust ojg
plrbfr`ojkl dj vdrtuoh tlo`s. [`ohh irfup rlslorka, ;7(==9). Nrdgidji ely rlslorka gdhl``os3
_uojtdtotdvl rlslorka usdji o krdtdkoh lyl. Jlw gdrlktdfjs bfr djstdtutdfjoh
rlslorka, >==9(?;;), >=?=). Yln [urvlys dj tal
[fkdoh [kdljkls3 Oj Fvlrvdlw. ]fpuhotdfj,2), >1==1o). _uojtdtotdvl rlslorka glsdij. [pfrt skdljkl7(?),
spfrtskd.fri/cfur/===?/wiaglsdij.at`h.
7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >?
Afpedjs, Y. I., (>==1n). ^lslorka Glsdijs3 Kaffsdji ojg Bdjl-tujdji o
Glsdij bfr Tfur [tugy. [pfrt skdljkl,?>, ?>->?
(spfrtskd.fri/>==1/wiaglsdij.at`).
Afwl, E., & Ldsljaort, @. (?44=). [tojgorgs bfr quohdtotdvl (ojg
quojtdtotdvl) rlslorka3 O prfhlif`ljfj. Lgukotdfjoh rlslorkalr, ?4(7),
>-4.
Daojtfho, L. @., & Edaj, H. O. (>=??). Warlots tf vohdgdty ojg rlhdondhdty dj
`dxlg `ltafgs okkfujtdji rlslorka. _uohdtotdvl ^lslorka dj Okkfujtdji
& @ojoil`ljt, 1(?), ;4-=?;). Oj lxo`djotdfj fb tal boktfrs
djbhuljkdji rlhotdfjsadp nudhgdji ojg plrbfr`ojkl dj vdrtuoh ^&G
prfclkt tlo`s (Jf. >=?;-=7=).
Ef`hoj, C. (>=?7). Wal kaohhljil fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl nusdjlss
rlslorka3 Ojohysds fb dssuls wdta survly glsdij, so`phdji, vohdgdty, ojg
rlhdondhdty.
Erdsajo, ^., @odtarlyd, ^., & [uropojljd, E. @. (>=?=). ^lslorka ndos3 o
rlvdlw bfr `lgdkoh stugljts.C Khdj Gdoij ^ls, 7, >;>=->;>7.
Hosa, W. H., Bfx, @. ]., & Bdje, O. E. (>=??).Opphydji quojtdtotdvl ndos
ojohysds tf lpdgl`dfhfidk goto. [prdjilr [kdljkl & Nusdjlss @lgdo.Hdji, [., Elafji, A., & Aodxdo, ]. (>=?=). Lssljtdoh boktfrs fb obblktdji
ejfwhlgil saordji dj vdrtuoh tlo`s. Dj ]rfkllgdjis fb tal [lvljta
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KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >>
Djtlrjotdfjoh Kfjblrljkl fj Djjfvotdfj & @ojoil`ljt (pp. ?=1=-
?=1;).
@udcs, G. (>=??). Gfdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka dj lgukotdfj wdta [][[.
Wafusojg Foes, KO3 [oil punhdkotdfjs.
]alhoj K. ojg Yrlj, C. (>==2). Lxphfrdji ^lhdondhdty dj Okogl`dk
Osslss`ljt. \jd Fbbdkl fb Okogl`dk Osslss`ljt (>===?< brf`,
attps3//www.ujd.lgu/kabosfo/rlhdondhdtyojgvohdgdty.at`.
[kftt, C., (>==1). Kadhgrlj os rlspfjgljts3 tal kaohhljil bfr quojtdtotdvl
`ltafgs. Dj Kardstljslj, ]., & Co`ls, O. (Lgs.) (pp. 19-?=4). ^lslorka
wdta kadhgrlj3 ]lrsplktdvls ojg proktdkls. ^futhlgil.
[autthlwfrta, @. (>==4). Krdtlrdfj Rohdgdty3 Krdtlrdfj vohdgdty osslssls
waltalr o tlst rlbhlkts o klrtodj slt fb ondhdtdls. Lxplrd`ljt-
rlsfurkls.kf`.
Ydhhdo`s, K. (>=??). ^lslorka `ltafgs.Cfurjoh fb Nusdjlss & Lkfjf`dks
^lslorka (CNL^), ==1). _uojtdtotdvl rlslorka `ltafgs bfr kf``ujdkotdfj3 O aojgs-fj
opprfoka. Fxbfrg \jdvlrsdty ]rlss, Djk.
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