Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research

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  • 7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research

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    ^ujjdji alog3 KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?

    Kfjguktdji _uojtdtotdvl ^lslorka

    Jo`l

    Gotl

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >

    Onstrokt

    Wads poplr hffes djtf tal prfklss fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka. Wf

    jorrfw gfwj tal skfpl fb tal poplr, tal poplr wdhh hffe djtf tarll dtl`s.Wal kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji tal rlslorka orl oggrlsslg jftonhy tafsl

    rliorgdji vohdgdty, so`phdji, ndos ojg rlhdondhdty. Ydta tal kaohhljils dj

    `djg, tal poplr wdhh bfkus fj bfr`uhotdfj fb o strotliy tf stugy tal boktfrs

    obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s. Wal so`l poplr wdhh ojohysl tal

    strotliy kafslj ojg prfvdgl o vlrgdkt.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ;

    Kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka

    Kfjguktdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka ljkfujtlrs slvlroh kaohhljils. Oport

    brf` tal bokt taot quojtdtotdvl `ltafgs tljg tf nl kf`phlx ojg tlkajdkoh,ftalr kaohhljils rlhotlg tf tal rlslorka glsdij ojg djtlrprltotdfj fb tal

    rlslorka rlsuhts lxdsts. Jftonhy, kaohhljils lxdst nrfoghy gurdji so`phdji,

    kfjguktdji rlslorka dtslhb, walj ojohysdji rlsuhts ojg ljsurdji fnclktdvl

    punhdsadji fb tal djtlrprltdvl rlsuhts. Wal kaohhljils boklg prlsljt

    kfjklrjs onfut vohdgdty ojg rlhdondhdty fb tal tlst rlsuhts ojg tal

    outaljtdkdty fb tal ljtdrl rlslorka.

    Kaohhljils rlhotlg tf so`phdji

    Bdrsthy, so`phdji rlblrs tf djbfr`ojt lhlktdfj. Yalj kfjguktdji

    quojtdtotdvl rlslorka, kfjklrjs onfut tal sdzl, opprfprdotljlss fb tal

    djbfr`ojts kafslj, ojg ftalr ltadkoh, ilfpfhdtdkoh ojg sfkdflkfjf`dkboktfrs fb tal djbfr`ojts prlsljt vordfus kaohhljils. Okkfrgdji tf Ydhhdo`s

    (>=??), djbfr`ojt slhlktdfj dj quojtdtotdvl rlslorka `ust ljsurl taot tal

    sdzl fb tal o`phl ds horil ljfuia tf iuorojtll iljlrohdzondhdty fb tal tlstlg

    aypftalsds. Wads `lojs, jfj-rlspfjsl fb tal kafslj pfpuhotdfj nlkf`ls

    oj d`plrotdvl kfjsdglrotdfj. Jfj-rlspfjsl dj so`phdji `lojs taot fjl

    wdhh ljg wdta oj djoglquotl so`phl.

    Ef`hoj (>=?7) oriuls taot oj fkkurrljkl fb o jfj-rlspfjsl koj hlog

    tf fvlrlstd`otdfj fb tal so`phl fr tal ujglr lstd`otdfj, wadka iuorojtll

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 7

    kaohhljils gurdji tlstdji. Erdsajo, @odtarlyd & [uropojljd (>=?=)

    kfjslquljthy prlsljt o so`phdji ndos fj tal so`phl. Gurdji rlslorka,

    fkkurrljkl fb tal jfj-rlspfjsl fr o bodhurl tf ljaojkl rojgf`dzotdfj fb

    so`phls. Dj tal rlslorka, Erdsajo lt oh., (>=?=) burtalr prlsljtlg ely

    so`phl ndosls taot koj fkkur gurdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka djkhugdji

    rlblrroh fr vfhujtllr so`phls, slhlktdfj ndosls ojg `losurl`ljt ndosls. Dj

    tal prfklss fb dgljtdbydji o `losuronhl so`phl, quojtdtotdvl rlslorkalrs

    koj ljg up djvfhujtordhy nlkf`dji ndoslg fj tal `ljtdfjlg fr ftalr woys.

    Burtalr, ojy so`phdji ndos koj ohtlr splkdbdkdty fb tal aypftalsds.

    Okkfrgdji tf @udcs (>=??), splkdbdkdty obblkt ojy ju`lrdkoh goto tf nl

    kfhhlktlg ojg talrlbfrl nlkf`ls o `ocfr kfjklrj walj kaffsdji o

    quojtdtotdvl glsdij. Lvdgljthy, @udcs burtalr vfdkls tal dssul fb quojtdtotdvl

    rlslorka noslg fj bfrkdji tal so`phl kafslj tf nl wafhhy kohkuhonhl. Db tads

    ds tal kosl, sf`ltd`ls rlspfjgljts `oy nl bfrklg djtf rlspfjgdji wdtadj

    tal prlsljtlg fptdfjs. Kaojkls fb kfjtrory fpdjdfjs `oy jft nl djkhuglg

    wadka koj hlog tf ndos ojg djvohdgdty fb rlsuhts.

    Kaohhljils rlhotlg tf vohdgdty

    Ojy rlslorka `ust safw taot tal kfjstrukts taot kf`l fut fb dt orl

    vohdg ojg rlbhlkt tal pfpuhotdfj fr paljf`ljo kaoroktlrdstdks. Wf okadlvl

    tads, tal rlslorkalr `ust ljglovfur tf nyposs slvlroh vohdgdty aurghls.

    @udcs (>=??) fnslrvls slvlroh kaohhljils. Wal kaohhljils orl tafsl rlhotlg

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA =??), krdtlrdfj vohdgdty koj nl ldtalr prlgdktdvl fr

    kfjkurrljt. Wads `lojs tal djstru`ljt uslg dj tal quojtdtotdvl rlslorka

    fuiat tf iuorojtll prlgdktdfj fr rlhotdfj. Wfpdks taot aovl wdgl talfrltdkoh

    ojg skafhorhy undqudty prlsljt o iffg kaojkl fb kopturdji tal jllglg

    krdtlrdo vohdgdty, ujbfrtujotlhy, rlslorka ds jft `lrlhy o `fvl tf rlphdkotl

    waot ftalr skafhors aovl gfjl, nut rotalr, dt ds o kaojkl tf kfjtrdnutl tf

    tal lxdstdji nfgy fb ejfwhlgil fj tal tfpdk.

    Daojtfho & Edaj (>=??) dssuls fb iljlrohdzotdfj ojg vordotdfjs

    nrdji djtlrjoh ojg lxtlrjoh vohdgdty kfjklrjs. Okadlvdji o iljlrohdzonhl

    kfjkhusdfj ds o kaohhljil dj quojtdtotdvl rlslorka lsplkdohhy idvlj taot

    jorrotdvls kojjft nl uslg tf strljitalj fr dtl`s ujglr rlvdlw wdta

    rlhotdfj tf ftalr lxdstdji stugdls.

    Kaohhljils obblktdji rlhdondhdty fb rlslorka

    ^lhdondhdty dj ojy rlslorka ds o prlrlqudsdtl. \jbfrtujotlhy, ljsurdji

    dt ds jft o strodiatbfrworg lxlrkdsl. Walrl orl kfjklrjs onfut afw

    okadlvl`ljt fb rlhdondhdty ds pfssdnhl dj o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka. \suohhy,

    rlhdondhdty ds onfut ljsurdji taot rlphdkotdfj fb o sd`dhor stugy hlogs tf

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 9

    sd`dhor rlsuhts (Daojtfho & Edaj, >=??). Wlsts toelj ojg tal `losurlg

    dtl`s rlqudrl `losurl`ljt tffhs, wadka aovl `oridjs fb lrrfr. @udcs

    (>=??) soys taot dssuls fb rlhdondhdty koj kf`l brf` `losurl`ljt rlpltdtdfj

    fr brf` djtlrjoh djkfjsdstljkdls.

    Ydta rlpltdtdfj fb `losurl`ljts, Ef`hoj (>=?7) wos fb tal fpdjdfj

    taot sf`l fb tal `fst uslg rlhdondhdty kflbbdkdljt `losurdji djstru`ljts

    hdel tal Krfjnokas ohpao gf jft iuorojtll rlhdondhdty. Al oriulg taot,

    tafuia taly iuorojtll adialr hlvlhs fb prfnondhdty taot tal `losurlg dtl`s

    orl rlhdonhl, tal wafhl dssuls fb rlhdondhdty stl` brf` ftalr slktdfjs fb tal

    rlslorka prfklss jftonhy dj tal bfr`uhotdfj ojg glsdij fb qulstdfjjodrls

    ojg tal skohls ojg dtl`s fnslrvlg.

    Burtalr, rlhdondhdty ohsf stl`s brf` tal woy rlsuhts orl ojohyzlg,

    rlpfrtlg ojg djtlrprltlg. Okkfrgdji tf [kftt (>==1) fj kaohhljils fb

    kfjguktdji rlslorka, sal oriuls taot tal usl fb okkrlgdtlg fr sudtonhl

    rlslorka nlst proktdkls ds jft ohwoys o iuorojtll taot rlslorka wdhh nl

    wotlrtdiat. [al rlkefjs taot lvlj wdta iffg tlsts fb rlhdondhdty, rlslorkalrs

    koj tafrfuiahy lxo`djl, fr pffrhy djtlrrfiotl rlsuhts tf oj lxtljt taot tal

    twf idvls fut gdbblrdji hlvlhs fb kfjvdktdfj. Kortlr ojg Aurtogf (>==9)

    oirll taot lvljtuohhy, tal dssul fb rlhdondhdty nfdhs gfwj tf prfblssdfjoh ojg

    skafhorhy nlaovdfr wafsl sunclktdvdty skors fvlr dj tlr`s fb kfjbhdkts fb

    djtlrlsts ojg outfndfiropay.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 1

    Ndos

    Kortlr ojg Aurtogf (>==9) iovl o ihd`psl fb waot ndos gfls tf

    rlslorka. Klrtodj rlslorka tfpdks fr sunclkts aovl klrtodj tljgljkdls tf uslglsdijs, `ltafgs, `ltafgfhfiy, ojohysds tffhs fr ftalrwdsl kfohlskdji ojg

    ujdqul tf tal. Bfr lxo`phl, lgukotdfjoh rlslorka aos ujwrdttlj rlslorka

    tljgljkdls ujdqul tf tal`. ]lfphl kfjguktdji lgukotdfj rlslorka tljg tf

    bfhhfw tal kfgls ojg systl`s wdtafut kfjsdglrdji waltalr vordondhdty ds o

    sdijdbdkojt kfjklrj.

    Ndos ohsf obblkts rlslorka qulstdfjs glsdij ojg bfr`uhotdfj (Erdsajo,

    @odtarlyd, & [uropojljd, >=?=). [uka ndosls koj ohtlr tal woy tal wafhl

    rlslorka prfklss `oturls idvlj taot ojy rlslorka ds djtlrglpljgljt fb

    kfjstdtuljt ports taot `ust `orry loka ftalr ot tal rdiat td`l. Yln rlhdojt

    rlslorkals bokl hfw rlspfjsl rotls bfr qulstdfjjodrls. Wads `lojs taot tal

    jfj-rlspfjsl dssul wldias alovdhy fj tal rlslorkalr gurdji so`phdji. Dt ds

    dj tads nokegrfp taot rlslorkalrs ljg up slledji tf ljaojkl so`phl sdzl

    taot ndosls fkkur. Bfr lxo`phl, o rlslorkalr `oy ejfw taot kfjguktdji

    tlljoilrs fvlr tal djtlrjlt okadlvls o adialr rlspfjsl rotl, taot woy5 tal

    rlslorkalr fpts tf kaffsl o so`phl taot ds rlhdojt fj o rlspfjsdvl so`phl

    lvlj walj tal `ftdvl ds tf iljlrotl o sfkdltoh skfpl (Brdppdot, @orquds,

    Ydhls-pfrtdlr, >=?=).

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA 4

    Glskrdndji oj Opprfprdotl _uojtdtotdvl ^lslorka [trotliy tf [tugy Boktfrs

    Obblktdji ]lrbfr`ojkl fb Rdrtuoh Wlo`s

    Noslg fj tal ju`lrfus kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvlrlslorka, dt ds d`pfrtojt bfr tal rlslorkalr tf glsdij o strotliy taot

    fvlrkf`ls tal kaohhljils ojg ljonhls alr tf tlst alr aypftalsls. Idvlj tal

    joturl fb tal stugy slledji tf lstonhdsa tal boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl fb

    vdrtuoh tlo`s, dt ds phousdnhl tf oriul taot tal rlslorkalr rlqudrls korrydji

    fut ldtalr o kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka fr oj lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka. Wal

    kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka wdhh alhp tal rlslorkalr lstonhdsa tal

    rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj vordfus djglpljgljt vordonhls ojg o glpljgljt

    vordonhl (Ydhhdo`s >=??). Fj tal ftalr aojg, tal lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka

    wdhh ohhfw tal rlslorkalr tf djtrfgukl vordfus kfjtrfhs dj frglr tf lstonhdsa

    tal lbblkt fb gdbblrljt djglpljgljt vordonhls fj tal glpljgljt vordonhl.

    Bfr tal rlslorkalr tf glkdgl wadka rlslorka `ltafg tf usl, sal jllgs

    tf kfjsdglr dts vuhjlrondhdty tf tal pdtbohhs gdskusslg onfvl ojg `fst

    d`pfrtojthy, tf kfjsdglr dts sudtondhdty dj tlstdji tal aypftalsls fb tal

    stugy. Ossu`dji taot tal rlslorkalr wdsals tf lstonhdsa wadka vordonhls orl

    stotdstdkohhy sdijdbdkojt dj gltlr`djdji tal plrbfr`ojkl hlvlhs fb vdrtuoh

    tlo`s, tal `ltafg uslg `ust nl onhl tf tlst afw sfkdoh kopdtoh fr irfup

    kfalsdvljlss ojg ejfwhlgil saordji obblkts plrbfr`ojkl (Hdji, Elafji, &

    Aodxdo, >=?=).

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?=

    Dj frglr tf glvlhfp o strotliy taot rlgukls tal kaojkls fb tal stugy

    bodhdji tf ottodj krlgdnhl rlsuhts, D wdhh ossu`l taot tal rlslorkalr wdhh

    utdhdsl ldtalr o kousoh kf`porotdvl rlslorka fr tal lxplrd`ljtoh rlslorka. Dj

    ldtalr kosl, tal rlslorkalrs strotliy `ust ljonhl alr stugy tf ottodj

    krlgdndhdty. Wfworgs tads ljg, dt ds d`pfrtojt tf glvlhfp o strotliy taot

    fvlrkf`ls `ocfr kaohhljils fb kfjguktdji tal rlslorka.

    Fvlrkf`dji tal dssuls fb so`phdji

    [o`phdji ds o krdtdkoh prfklss dj ujglrtoedji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorkawdta tal pftljtdoh fb kousdji vordfus krlgdndhdty dssuls. Okkfrgdji tf

    Daojtfho ojg Edaj (>=??), lrrfrs kf``dttlg gurdji so`phdji kfuhg rlsuht

    dj hfss fb rlhdondhdty fb tal stugy ny djbhuljkdji dts lxtlrjoh vohdgdty (p. 9).

    Yalj o rlslorkalr slhlkts o so`phl sdzl, sal `ust nl korlbuh tf slhlkt o

    so`phl sdzl subbdkdljt tf rlprlsljt jft fjhy tal okklsslg pfpuhotdfj nut

    ohsf sd`dhor pfpuhotdfjs dj ftalr slttdjis (Dndg). Os fnslrvlg ny Korr

    (?447), tal rlslorkalr `ust rlbrodj brf` tal tl`ptotdfj fb usdji purpfsdvl

    fr kfjvljdljt so`phls db alr stugy ds tf nl vohdg ljfuia tf worrojt

    iljlrohdzotdfj fb tal bdjgdjis.

    Wal strotliy alrl ds tf ljsurl taot tal rlslorkalr `odjtodjs tal

    vohdgdty fb tal stugy ny ljsurdji taot so`phdji prfnhl`s gul tf suka

    dssuls os jfj- rlspfjsdvljlss orl `djd`oh ojg wlhh kf`pljsotlg.

    Okkfrgdji tf @udcs (>=??), tal so`phl sdzl ds sunclkt tf td`l ojg bdjojkdoh

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ??

    kfjstrodjts d`phydji taot tal rlslorkalr `oy nl ujonhl tf usl o so`phl

    sdzl taot ds ndi ljfuia. Dj tads rliorg, tal so`phl slhlktlg safuhg nl os

    rlprlsljtotdvl fb tal pfpuhotdfj ujglr stugy os pfssdnhl. @udcs (>=??)

    prfpfsls ljsurdji taot tal rlslorkalr djvlstdiotls tafsl vordonhls sal

    lxplkts tf aovl `frl lbblkt fj tal glpljgljt vordonhl.

    Wal rlslorkalr, talrlbfrl, ds onhl tf `djd`dzl tal prfnhl`s fb

    so`phdji ny ljsurdji taot tal rlslorka glsdij ds slt dj o `ojjlr taot

    jorrfws gfwj tal vordonhls ujglr stugy. Bfr djstojkl, tal rlslorkalr

    `diat jorrfw gfwj tal rlslorka tf bfkus fj boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl

    fb vdrtuoh tlo`s tarfuia vordonhls taot obblkt irfup kfalsdvljlss ojg

    ejfwhlgil saordji. Oggdtdfjohhy, tal rlslorkalr wdhh od` ot slhlktdji o

    so`phl sdzl taot ds ndi ljfuia tf kfvlr dssuls fb jfj-rlspfjsdvljlss taus

    ljonhdji alr tf grow o `frl rlprlsljtotdvl so`phl. Ljsurdji tal

    rojgf`jlss fb tal so`phl ds ohsf d`pfrtojt.

    Glsdijdji o qulstdfjjodrl

    Krdtdkoh tf tal rlslorka prfklss ds tal goto kfhhlktdfj stoil. Lquohhy

    krdtdkoh ds okejfwhlgidji tal adia vuhjlrondhdty tf lrrfrs fb tal stoil ojg tf

    phoj fj afw tf `djd`dzl tal pfssdnhl lrrfrs. Okkfrgdji tf Brdppdot,

    @orquds, Ydhls-]frtdlr (>=?=), sljgdji qulstdfjjodrls tf fjhdjl

    rlspfjgljts aovl ljonhlg d`prfvl`ljt fb qulstdfj glsdijs. Kfjslquljthy,

    o rlslorkalr ds onhl tf glsdij qulstdfjjodrl qulstdfjs dj o `ojjlr taot

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?>

    prfvls sd`phl ojg djtlrlstdji tf rlspfjgljts wadhl ogalrdji tf o vohdgdty

    krdtlrdfj. Wf ovfdg sdtuotdfjs walrl rlslorkalrs dijfrl tal sfbt goto

    kfhhlktlg (Korr ?447), dt ds d`pfrtojt tf usl ojohytdkoh `ltafgs taot ohhfw

    tal tlstdji fb lvlry pdlkl fb goto kfhhlktlg taot ds rlhlvojt tf tal stugy.

    Dj frglr tf kfhhlkt goto rlhlvojt tf tlstdji tal boktfrs obblktdji

    plrbfr`ojkl, dt ds krdtdkoh tf djkhugl qulstdfjs taot tlsts tal lxplktlg

    rlhotdfjsadps. Dj tads rliorg, tal rlslorkalr `oy, dj oggdtdfj tf tlstdji trust

    dssuls5 ftalr boktfrs djkhugl kffplrotdfj ojg kf`pltdtdfj (Noruka & Hdj

    >=?>). Wal rlslorkalr safuhg utdhdzl o strotliy suka taot tal qulstdfjs

    oselg dj tal qulstdfjjodrl orl quojtdbdonhl (Brdppdot lt oh. >=?=). _ulstdfjs

    safuhg talrlbfrl ohhfw kfgdji fr nl bro`lg dj o woy taot idvls ju`lrdkoh

    goto.

    Ojftalr osplkt fb tal qulstdfjjodrls taot tal rlslorkalr `ust

    kfjsdglr ds tal susklptdndhdty fb tal rlspfjgljt tf idvl ojswlrs taot orl

    fjhy kfjvljdljt tf ad`. Brdppdot lt oh. (>=?=) fnslrvls taot djkhugdji

    gdbbdkuht qulstdfjs fr kf`phlx ojg hfji prfklgurls dj tal bdhhdji fb tal

    qulstdfjjodrls, lsplkdohhy dj fjhdjl survlys, `oy djkrlosl sotdsbdkdji (p.

    ;=

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?;

    Ny rlkldvdji krlgdnhl rlspfjsls brf` tal qulstdfjjodrl, tal

    rlslorkalr wdhh nl onhl tf grow goto taot ds usonhl dj tlstdji tal aypftalsls.

    Yalrl tal rlslorkalr ogalrlg tf o suplrdfr krdtlrdfj vohdgdty kalke, dt ds

    phousdnhl tf lxplkt taot tal goto taus okqudrlg wdhh nl subbdkdljt tf tlst tal

    aypftalsls. [autthlwfrta (>==4) worjs fb tal rlplrkussdfjs fb bodhdji tf

    khfsl ohh tal iops nltwllj tal rlslorka fnclktdvls, rlslorka qulstdfjs, tal

    aypftalsls, ojg tal goto kfhhlktlg. Djgllg, Afwl ojg Ldsljaort (?44=)

    pfsdt taot tal rlslorkalr aos o rlspfjsdndhdty tf ljsurl taot tal goto

    kfhhlktlg prfvdgls ojswlrs tf tal rlslorka qulstdfjs. Wf okadlvl tal bdt, tal

    rlslorkalr `ust glsdij tal qulstdfjjodrls tf bokdhdtotl rlkldvdji ojswlrs

    taot kfjtodj rlhlvojt djbfr`otdfj tfworgs alr rlslorka qulstdfjs.

    Fvlrkf`dji tal prfnhl`s fb rlhdondhdty

    Ydta rliorg tf rlhdondhdty, o wfredji strotliy dj kfjguktdji tads edjg

    fb rlslorka `ust ljsurl taot dt ifls nlyfjg tal kaohhljils. ^lhdondhdty ds

    onfut tal sdzl fb tal so`phl. Bdrsthy, os Nhoke (?444) suiilsts, tal bdrst stlp

    ds tf ljsurl taot talrl orl ljfuia qulstdfjs fr ljfuia dgljtdbydji

    kf`pfjljts fb tal kfjstrukts sfuiat (p. ?41). Bfr lxo`phl, dj tads stugy,

    fjl `ust ljsurl taot tal hdtlroturl onfut tal boktfrs ds wlhh rlprlsljtlg dj

    tal survly qulstdfjs. [djkl tal kfjklrj ds tal boktfrs obblktdji plrbfr`ojkl

    fb vdrtuoh tlo`s, lxdstljkl ojg ejfwhlgil fb suka boktfrs `ust nl prlsljt.

    Wal boktfrs ujglr skrutdjy fuiat tf ohh nl rlprlsljtlg dj tal qulstdfjjodrl.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?7

    Wal kfrl fb tads strotliy ds tf ljsurl taot lrrfrs orl `djd`dslg tf ljaojkl

    rlhdondhdty fb tal futkf`l.

    Af`filjldty fb tal stugdlg pfpuhotdfj ojg so`phl aos o strfjid`pokt fj tal rlhdondhdty fb rlsuhts. Nlkousl fb tads, [autthlwfrta (>==4)

    rlkf``ljgs taot gurdji so`phdji, tal usl fb strotdbdlg rojgf` so`phls tf

    ljsurl taot tal gdvlrsdty fb tal pfpuhotdfj ds kopturlg. Dj tads rlslorka, tal

    usl fb suka o rojgf`dzlg so`phl ljaojkls tal okkuroky fb tal trodt

    `losurlg wdtadj tal pfpuhotdfj. Rdrtul tlo`s koj nl skottlrlg ihfnohhy.

    Kfjslquljthy, oj opprfoka taot kopturls tads osplkt fb tal pfpuhotdfj

    `ust nl ljaojklg, tarfuia rojgf`dzotdfj ojg so`phl sdzl, lsplkdohhy

    idvlj taot tal stugy ds onfut osplkts fb tal pfpuhotdfj (Afpedjs, >==1n).

    Ydhhdo`s (>=??) suiilsts taot td`l kfjsu`lg gurdji tal rlslorka

    prfklss ds vdtoh ojg koj obblkt tal rlhdondhdty fb tal rlsuhts rlpfrtlg. Gurdji

    goto kfhhlktdfj, td`l ojg spllg rlqudrlg tf gf tads `ust nl fptd`u`.

    Kaojidji paljf`ljo rlqudrls o safrt td`l djtlrvoh nltwllj tal bdrst ojg

    tal host fnslrvlg. Fvlrohh, rlslorka dj vdrtuoh tlo`s wdhh ohsf rlqudrl oj

    fptd`u` td`l ohhfwojkl. Ohtafuia td`l bfr kfhhlktdfj koj nl o wlle tf

    ohhfw rlspfjgljts ljfuia td`l tf kfjsdglr tal djtlrvdlw, td`l rlqudrlg tf

    kf`phltl o survly `ust nl `djd`u` ylt ljfuia. Hfji qulstdfjjodrls koj

    ljaojkl tal quohdty fb tal rlspfjsls os sllj onfvl, nut tal rlspfjgljts

    orl ujhdelhy tf idvl dt tafuiat fr korlbuhjlss dj ojswlrdji tal prf`pts.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?=??) rlkf``ljgs taot tal rlslorkalr

    `ust nl wlhh djbfr`lg fj tal lxokt lxplktotdfj fb tal rlslorka jfr`ohhy

    kfjvlylg dj tal rlslorka qulstdfjs, aypftalsds ojg lxlkutlg tarfuia

    splkdbdk qulstdfjs dj tal qulstdfjjodrl. Loka qulstdfj saohh rlbhlkt oj

    oktdfjonhl ojg o splkdbdk futkf`l. Bfr lxo`phl, o typdkoh qulstdfjjodrl

    `oy ose, Afw gfls trust obblkt yfur plrbfr`ojkl6 djgdkotfrs fb afw

    koj nl put dj tlr`s fb rotdjis brf` ?-< skohl wdta fjl `lojdji glbdjdtlhy

    jft wadhl bdvl nldji glbdjdtlhy yls. [d`dhorhy, quohdtotdvl ojohysds koj alhp

    tf lrogdkotl ojy kfjklrj onfut hfidkoh bhfws fb lhl`ljtoh trutas.

    Fvlrkf`dji ndos

    Goto kopturlg usuohhy glvlhfps jfdsl `fsthy dj tal saopl fb ndosls

    ojg djokkurokdls5 goto khlojdji ds o prfklss taot ds lssljtdoh walj fjl aos

    suka goto. Glohdji wdta suka jfdsl koj obblkt tal futkf`l fb tal rlslorka

    ojg talrlbfrl, tal rlkf``ljglg `ltafgs `ust supprlss tal lhl`ljt fb

    jfdsl wdtafut obblktdji tal djbfr`ojts djtljtdfjs (Hosa, Bfx, & Bdje,

    >=??). Wal wrdtlr koj usl Krfjnokas ohpao kflbbdkdljts tf ljaojkl tal

    ejfwhlgil fb lrrfrs ojg djkfjsdstljkdls. Kohkuhotdfj ojg prlsljtotdfj fb

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  • 7/21/2019 Challenges and Strategies of Conducting a Quantitative Research

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?1

    Bfr lxo`phl, db trust ds aypftalsdzlg tf nl o boktfr djbhuljkdji

    plrbfr`ojkl, rlspfjgljts `ust rlspfjg tf qulstdfjs taot lxo`djls dssuls

    fb trust dj vdrtuoh tlo`s plrbfr`ojkl db jft trust dtslhb (Ounlrt & Elhsly

    >==;). Wal aypftalsls `ust nl onhl tf tlst bfr rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj trust

    ojg plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s. Wal rlslorkalr jllgs tf ljsurl sal

    kfjtrfhs tal rlspfjsls dj o `ojjlr taot ohhfws tal` tf prlsljt o

    rlhotdfjsadp nltwllj djglpljgljt vordonhls ojg tal glpljgljt vordonhl

    (Daojtfho & Edaj >=??). Dj tads rliorg, dt ds d`pfrtojt bfr tal rlslorkalr tf

    ljsurl taot tal rlspfjsls lxplktlg brf` tal qulstdfjjodrls koj glvlhfp o

    kfjjlktdfj nltwllj trust fr trust dssuls ojg vdrtuoh tlo`s plrbfr`ojkl.

    Wal dssuls fb vohdgdty l`lril dj o rlslorka lorhy fj ojg rlqudrls

    prfplr phojjdji tf ljsurl taot loka stoil rl`odjs dj tojgl` wdta tal

    ndiilr kf``dt`ljt tf prfvdgdji vohdg bdjgdjis. Afpedjs (>==1) djgdkotls

    taot walrl tal rlslorka korrdlg fut ds sdijdbdkojt5 talrl ds fbtlj tal jllg tf

    korry fut o pdhft stugy dj frglr tf dgljtdby ohh tal osplkts fb tal stugy ojg

    tf prlporl bfr kaohhljils taot nlkf`l opporljt. Dj korrydji fut o stugy fj

    plrbfr`ojkl fb vdrtuoh tlo`s, dt ds krdtdkoh tf korry fut o pdhft stugy dj

    frglr tf bo`dhdordzl wdta tal pfpuhotdfj ojg tf gltlr`djl tal opprfprdotl

    so`phl sdzl. Os Daojtfho ojg Edaj (>=??) oggukls, tal vohdgdty fb o stugy

    gltlr`djls waltalr ftalr skafhors koj usl dts bdjgdjis tf grow djblrljkls

    onfut tal wafhl pfpuhotdfj ujglr djvlstdiotdfj. O vohdg stugy wdhh aovl tf

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA ?4

    nl onhl tf prlsljt bdjgdjis taot koj nl uslbuh dj glskrdndji kaoroktlrdstdks

    fb tal pfpuhotdfj.

    Kfjkhusdfj

    Kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl rlslorka rlqudrls glhdnlrotl kf``dt`ljt

    tf vordfus stojgorgs dj frglr tf prfvdgl jlw ejfwhlgil tf o splkdbdk bdlhg.

    Yadhl ujglrtoedji tal rlslorka, o rlslorkalr `ust fvlrkf`l ju`lrfus

    kaohhljils dj frglr tf prfvdgl jft fjhy rlhdonhl bdjgdjis nut ohsf tf ljsurl

    taldr vohdgdty. ]dtbohhs tf kfjguktdji o vohdg rlslorka `oy ordsl brf` vordfusstoils dj tal rlslorka prfklss suka os so`phdji ojg goto kfhhlktdfj.

    [o`phdji prfklss ds krdtdkoh tf tal rlslorka prfklss ojg tal rlslorkalr `ust

    nl korlbuh tf `djd`dzl lrrfrs dj tal stoil. ]fssdnhl sfhutdfjs tf so`phdji

    prfnhl`s djkhugl ovfdgdji kfjvljdljkl so`phdji ojg ohhfwdji bfr

    ujrlspfjsdvl rlspfjgljts gurdji goto kfhhlktdfj. Wal so`phl sdzl `ust nl

    ndi ljfuia ojg growj brf` lvlry gf`odj fb tal pfpuhotdfj. Dj goto

    kfhhlktdfj stoil, dt ds d`pfrtojt tf ljsurl taot tal `ltafg uslg ohhfws

    rlspfjgljts tf idvl khlor ojswlrs ojg lhd`djotls fr rlgukls kosls fb

    sotdsbdkdji. O quojtdtotdvl rlslorkalr `ust od` tfworgs growdji vohdg

    bdjgdjis ny fnslrvdji o prl-phojjlg vohdgdty krdtlrdfj. Wf ljsurl tal

    bdjgdjis orl vohdg, tal so`phdji, goto kfhhlktdfj, ojg tal goto ojohysds

    prfklssls `ust ohh ogalrl tf vohdgdty krdtlrdfj ojg nl brll fb ndos.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >=

    ^lblrljkls

    Ounlrt, N. O., & Elhsly, N. H. (>==;). Burtalr ujglrstojgdji fb trust ojg

    plrbfr`ojkl dj vdrtuoh tlo`s. [`ohh irfup rlslorka, ;7(==9). Nrdgidji ely rlslorka gdhl``os3

    _uojtdtotdvl rlslorka usdji o krdtdkoh lyl. Jlw gdrlktdfjs bfr djstdtutdfjoh

    rlslorka, >==9(?;;), >=?=). Yln [urvlys dj tal

    [fkdoh [kdljkls3 Oj Fvlrvdlw. ]fpuhotdfj,2), >1==1o). _uojtdtotdvl rlslorka glsdij. [pfrt skdljkl7(?),

    spfrtskd.fri/cfur/===?/wiaglsdij.at`h.

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >?

    Afpedjs, Y. I., (>==1n). ^lslorka Glsdijs3 Kaffsdji ojg Bdjl-tujdji o

    Glsdij bfr Tfur [tugy. [pfrt skdljkl,?>, ?>->?

    (spfrtskd.fri/>==1/wiaglsdij.at`).

    Afwl, E., & Ldsljaort, @. (?44=). [tojgorgs bfr quohdtotdvl (ojg

    quojtdtotdvl) rlslorka3 O prfhlif`ljfj. Lgukotdfjoh rlslorkalr, ?4(7),

    >-4.

    Daojtfho, L. @., & Edaj, H. O. (>=??). Warlots tf vohdgdty ojg rlhdondhdty dj

    `dxlg `ltafgs okkfujtdji rlslorka. _uohdtotdvl ^lslorka dj Okkfujtdji

    & @ojoil`ljt, 1(?), ;4-=?;). Oj lxo`djotdfj fb tal boktfrs

    djbhuljkdji rlhotdfjsadp nudhgdji ojg plrbfr`ojkl dj vdrtuoh ^&G

    prfclkt tlo`s (Jf. >=?;-=7=).

    Ef`hoj, C. (>=?7). Wal kaohhljil fb kfjguktdji o quojtdtotdvl nusdjlss

    rlslorka3 Ojohysds fb dssuls wdta survly glsdij, so`phdji, vohdgdty, ojg

    rlhdondhdty.

    Erdsajo, ^., @odtarlyd, ^., & [uropojljd, E. @. (>=?=). ^lslorka ndos3 o

    rlvdlw bfr `lgdkoh stugljts.C Khdj Gdoij ^ls, 7, >;>=->;>7.

    Hosa, W. H., Bfx, @. ]., & Bdje, O. E. (>=??).Opphydji quojtdtotdvl ndos

    ojohysds tf lpdgl`dfhfidk goto. [prdjilr [kdljkl & Nusdjlss @lgdo.Hdji, [., Elafji, A., & Aodxdo, ]. (>=?=). Lssljtdoh boktfrs fb obblktdji

    ejfwhlgil saordji dj vdrtuoh tlo`s. Dj ]rfkllgdjis fb tal [lvljta

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    KFJG\KWDJI _\OJWDWOWDRL ^L[LO^KA >>

    Djtlrjotdfjoh Kfjblrljkl fj Djjfvotdfj & @ojoil`ljt (pp. ?=1=-

    ?=1;).

    @udcs, G. (>=??). Gfdji quojtdtotdvl rlslorka dj lgukotdfj wdta [][[.

    Wafusojg Foes, KO3 [oil punhdkotdfjs.

    ]alhoj K. ojg Yrlj, C. (>==2). Lxphfrdji ^lhdondhdty dj Okogl`dk

    Osslss`ljt. \jd Fbbdkl fb Okogl`dk Osslss`ljt (>===?< brf`,

    attps3//www.ujd.lgu/kabosfo/rlhdondhdtyojgvohdgdty.at`.

    [kftt, C., (>==1). Kadhgrlj os rlspfjgljts3 tal kaohhljil bfr quojtdtotdvl

    `ltafgs. Dj Kardstljslj, ]., & Co`ls, O. (Lgs.) (pp. 19-?=4). ^lslorka

    wdta kadhgrlj3 ]lrsplktdvls ojg proktdkls. ^futhlgil.

    [autthlwfrta, @. (>==4). Krdtlrdfj Rohdgdty3 Krdtlrdfj vohdgdty osslssls

    waltalr o tlst rlbhlkts o klrtodj slt fb ondhdtdls. Lxplrd`ljt-

    rlsfurkls.kf`.

    Ydhhdo`s, K. (>=??). ^lslorka `ltafgs.Cfurjoh fb Nusdjlss & Lkfjf`dks

    ^lslorka (CNL^), ==1). _uojtdtotdvl rlslorka `ltafgs bfr kf``ujdkotdfj3 O aojgs-fj

    opprfoka. Fxbfrg \jdvlrsdty ]rlss, Djk.