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8/2/2019 Cbs - Using Graphs
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USING GRAPHS
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Graphs
It give physical form to abstractconcepts
They show relationships,comparison and change
Their strong suit is therepresentation of numbers andquantities
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Data
It means counted or measuredinformation
To be graphed usefully, datashould vary over some regularinterval of space or time, fromgroup to group or in some otherway.
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Population Density
It represents the kind of data thatvaries over space.
Population growth changesthrough time
Total population by age groupshifts by proportional relationships
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Observation
Each measurement or value
Each observation becomesone plotted point on a graph
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Variable
It refers to the set ofobservations for each activity
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Plotted Variable
It means a collection of pointsused to shape a trend line, set
of bars or other graphingsymbols
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Range
The data is the extent of spreadbetween minimum and maximum
valuesIt determines the optimum graph
size, shape and scale, allowingroom to plot the values in the dataset
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Units
It give the terms ofmeasurement for the data
dollars, percentage pointmillimeters for instance
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Grid
It is formed by the intersectionof the two scales
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Scale
It gives meaning to each axisof a graph
To represent the graphs inquantities, time or space it
must be drawn to one or moresclaes
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Two Types of Scale
Normal scales use directrelationship
Ex. One inch = $1000Logarithmic scales compress or
expand time, quantities or other
values according to a progressionbased on a mathematical logarithm
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Define Purpose
To choose the best graph format,focus on the core relationship or
pattern you want to depict in eachframe.
Keep the same horizontal andvertical scales form frame toframe when youre building a
comparative series
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Types of Graphs
t
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ng e- ca e or zonta arGraphs
Compare one quantifiable aspect ofplaces or things at a particularmoment
The simplest format for informationgraphics
Scaled only along the horizontal axis;the vertical distance between bars isnot scaled but like the thickness of
the bars themselves
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Single-Scale Horizontal BarGraphs
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0 20 40 60 80 100
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Time-Related Vertical
Bar GraphIt show the activity of one or
several things through a particular
time period.
Single bars or sets of bars, some
taller and some shorter accordingto the values on the Y axis arespaced at distinct intervals
throu h time.
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Time-Related Vertical
Bar Graph45.9
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1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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Line Graph
Starts with points plottedrelative to scales on the
horizontal and vertical axes;each point marks a known
occurrence
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Differences of Bar and
Line GraphsUsually line graph indicates rate,
the relationship between change
and time.
While bar graph is limited in the
number of points they can portrayeffectively, line can accommodateany number of data points
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Differences of Bar and LineGraphs
Choose a line graph to showchanges in quantities that vary
continuously through timeChoose a bar graph to
represent countable things likeproduction units
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Area Graphs
It is like building a line graphs,with one addition: the space
between the horizontal axis andthe plotted line is filled in
This implies volume, so use areacharts to present information thatmeasures magnitude
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Area Graph
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Pie Graph
It shows proportion in relationto a whole
Each wedge represents apercentage of the total
Best at giving roughimpressions of proportions
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Pie Graphs
17%
13%13%
57%
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Anatomy Of
A Graph
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1.The Graph Window
The portion of the Cartesian planeon which you render your data
It is defined by the origin andextent of the frame necessary toplot the data.
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Origin
It is the starting point of theinformation, the conjunction of the
lowest positive values on both thevertical and horizontal axes
It is found at the lower left cornerof the graph window
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Extent
It refers to the end of the graphwindow, the highest and longest
space that must be opened inorder to display data
It is usually found at the upperright corner of the graph window
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2. The Window Grid
It presents the scale andreference value labels that give
meaning to the visual treatmentIt orients the viewers to the
starting point for observationcounts or measures and makesclear the numeric progression
from that point.
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3. Reference Values
Your viewers will expect scalevalues to break at familiar
increments, divisible by 2, 5, 10,25, 50 or 100.
For very large scales, reduce thebulk of the figures by representingvalues in thousands, millions and
so forth
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4. Data Symbols
It forms the main parts of a graph
Points, bars, pie wedges, lines
and graphic symbols illuminatestatistics and clarify theirrelationships
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5. Text Annotation
Graphs wouldnt make muchsense without titles, labels, scale
indicators and other annotation.Every graph needs some text to
identify exactly what is illustrated
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Time-Related
Graphing
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Line Graphs
The measurement of quantityover a particular period of time
It fills in the gaps between plottedobservation points to illustratetrends
A G h
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Area GraphsWhile line graphs concentrate theviewers attention on a single stroke,area graphsdemonstrate volume by
filling in the area from the baseline ofthe horizontal axis to a trend line
It is flat, bold and graphic,eliminating many of the designdifficulties associated with lines
V ti l/C l B
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Vertical/Column BarGraph
It gives another way to visualize timeseries;
They represent a count of the samegroup or groups at various moments
It works well for counts of productionunits, orders and returns intensitiesand concentrations or populations
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Double-Scale Graph
It lets you show the relationshipbetween two types of information
over a period of time
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Comparing
Component
Parts
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Pie Graph
It work nest with relatively few slices more than seven components can
be confusing for the viewer anddifficult for the designer to label
Not ideal format for comparingcomponents of two or more wholes
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Divided Bar Graph
It is a good alternative forcomparing parts of a whole
Its easier to compare thecomponents in two or more wholeover time
Its possible to compare therelative size of the wholes as well
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Divided Bar Graph
East East
East
East
WestWest
West
West
NorthNorth
North
North
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30%
40%
50%
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Comparing
Places or Things
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Horizontal Bar Graph
To show relationships betweenpeople, products, regions, or
companies at a moment frozen intime
It answers the question Which isbigger?
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Population Pyramid
It is a great format to use fororganizing demographic
information into a specializedform of the paired horizontal bargraph
Pop lation P ramids
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Population Pyramids
Butterfly Format
It is helpful when therelationship between sets of
information is critical
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Deviation Bars
Bars to the right or left of thereference axis will indicate the
area of standard deviation,emphasizing divergence from theexpected value
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Distribution and
Correlation
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Frequency
It is the number of times itoccurs
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Frequency Distribution
It measures size (quantity ormagnitude)
Ex. A graph of student test scores
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Histogram
It reveals the distribution ofmeasurement along the horizontal
scale which is divide into bins
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Correlation
The degree to which one eventcan be predicted from another
can be visualized in a graph
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Scattergram
It shows how two data setscorrelate
It is often presented with aregression line
S
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SummaryGraphs
GraphingTerminologies
Data
PopulationDensity
Observation Variable
Plotted Variable
Range
Units
Grid
Scale
Types of Graphs
Single-Scale Bar
Time-Related
Vertical Bar Line
Area
Pie
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Summary
Anatomy of a Graph The Graph
Window
Origin
Extent
The Window Grid
Reference Values
Data Symbols
Text Annotation
Time-RelatedGraphing
Line Graph
Area Graph Vertical/Column
Bar Graph
Time-Seriescombinations
Double-Scale
Graph
Summary
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Summary Comparing
Component Parts Pie Graph
Divided Bar
GraphsComparing
Places/Things
Horizontal Bar Pair of Bars
Population
Population Pyramids
Butterfly Format Deviation Bar
Distribution
FrequencyDistribution
Histogram
Correlation
Scattegrams
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