Cbs - Using Graphs

8/2/2019 Cbs - Using Graphs

1/58

1

USING GRAPHS


2/58

2

Graphs

It give physical form to abstractconcepts

They show relationships,comparison and change

Their strong suit is therepresentation of numbers andquantities


3/58


4/58

4

Data

It means counted or measuredinformation

To be graphed usefully, datashould vary over some regularinterval of space or time, fromgroup to group or in some otherway.


5/58

5

Population Density

It represents the kind of data thatvaries over space.

Population growth changesthrough time

Total population by age groupshifts by proportional relationships


6/58

6

Observation

Each measurement or value

Each observation becomesone plotted point on a graph


7/58

7

Variable

It refers to the set ofobservations for each activity


8/58

8

Plotted Variable

It means a collection of pointsused to shape a trend line, set

of bars or other graphingsymbols


9/58

9

Range

The data is the extent of spreadbetween minimum and maximum

valuesIt determines the optimum graph

size, shape and scale, allowingroom to plot the values in the dataset


10/58

10

Units

It give the terms ofmeasurement for the data

dollars, percentage pointmillimeters for instance


11/58

11

Grid

It is formed by the intersectionof the two scales


12/58

12

Scale

It gives meaning to each axisof a graph

To represent the graphs inquantities, time or space it

must be drawn to one or moresclaes


13/58

13

Two Types of Scale

Normal scales use directrelationship

Ex. One inch = $1000Logarithmic scales compress or

expand time, quantities or other

values according to a progressionbased on a mathematical logarithm


14/58

14

Define Purpose

To choose the best graph format,focus on the core relationship or

pattern you want to depict in eachframe.

Keep the same horizontal andvertical scales form frame toframe when youre building a

comparative series


15/58

15

Types of Graphs

t


16/58

16

ng e- ca e or zonta arGraphs

Compare one quantifiable aspect ofplaces or things at a particularmoment

The simplest format for informationgraphics

Scaled only along the horizontal axis;the vertical distance between bars isnot scaled but like the thickness of

the bars themselves


17/58

17

Single-Scale Horizontal BarGraphs

20.4

27.4

90

20.4

0 20 40 60 80 100


18/58

18

Time-Related Vertical

Bar GraphIt show the activity of one or

several things through a particular

time period.

Single bars or sets of bars, some

taller and some shorter accordingto the values on the Y axis arespaced at distinct intervals

throu h time.


19/58

19

Time-Related Vertical

Bar Graph45.9

46.9

45

43.9

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr


20/58

20

Line Graph

Starts with points plottedrelative to scales on the

horizontal and vertical axes;each point marks a known

occurrence


21/58


22/58

22

Differences of Bar and

Line GraphsUsually line graph indicates rate,

the relationship between change

and time.

While bar graph is limited in the

number of points they can portrayeffectively, line can accommodateany number of data points


23/58

23

Differences of Bar and LineGraphs

Choose a line graph to showchanges in quantities that vary

continuously through timeChoose a bar graph to

represent countable things likeproduction units


24/58

24

Area Graphs

It is like building a line graphs,with one addition: the space

between the horizontal axis andthe plotted line is filled in

This implies volume, so use areacharts to present information thatmeasures magnitude


25/58

25

Area Graph

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100



26/58

26

Pie Graph

It shows proportion in relationto a whole

Each wedge represents apercentage of the total

Best at giving roughimpressions of proportions


27/58

27

Pie Graphs

17%

13%13%

57%


28/58

28

Anatomy Of

A Graph


29/58

29

1.The Graph Window

The portion of the Cartesian planeon which you render your data

It is defined by the origin andextent of the frame necessary toplot the data.


30/58

30

Origin

It is the starting point of theinformation, the conjunction of the

lowest positive values on both thevertical and horizontal axes

It is found at the lower left cornerof the graph window


31/58

31

Extent

It refers to the end of the graphwindow, the highest and longest

space that must be opened inorder to display data

It is usually found at the upperright corner of the graph window


32/58

32

2. The Window Grid

It presents the scale andreference value labels that give

meaning to the visual treatmentIt orients the viewers to the

starting point for observationcounts or measures and makesclear the numeric progression

from that point.


33/58

33

3. Reference Values

Your viewers will expect scalevalues to break at familiar

increments, divisible by 2, 5, 10,25, 50 or 100.

For very large scales, reduce thebulk of the figures by representingvalues in thousands, millions and

so forth


34/58

34

4. Data Symbols

It forms the main parts of a graph

Points, bars, pie wedges, lines

and graphic symbols illuminatestatistics and clarify theirrelationships


35/58

35

5. Text Annotation

Graphs wouldnt make muchsense without titles, labels, scale

indicators and other annotation.Every graph needs some text to

identify exactly what is illustrated


36/58

36

Time-Related

Graphing


37/58

37

Line Graphs

The measurement of quantityover a particular period of time

It fills in the gaps between plottedobservation points to illustratetrends

A G h


38/58

38

Area GraphsWhile line graphs concentrate theviewers attention on a single stroke,area graphsdemonstrate volume by

filling in the area from the baseline ofthe horizontal axis to a trend line

It is flat, bold and graphic,eliminating many of the designdifficulties associated with lines

V ti l/C l B


39/58

39

Vertical/Column BarGraph

It gives another way to visualize timeseries;

They represent a count of the samegroup or groups at various moments

It works well for counts of productionunits, orders and returns intensitiesand concentrations or populations


40/58

40

Double-Scale Graph

It lets you show the relationshipbetween two types of information

over a period of time


41/58

41

Comparing

Component

Parts


42/58

42

Pie Graph

It work nest with relatively few slices more than seven components can

be confusing for the viewer anddifficult for the designer to label

Not ideal format for comparingcomponents of two or more wholes


43/58

43

Divided Bar Graph

It is a good alternative forcomparing parts of a whole

Its easier to compare thecomponents in two or more wholeover time

Its possible to compare therelative size of the wholes as well


44/58

44

Divided Bar Graph

East East

East

East

WestWest

West

West

NorthNorth

North

North

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%



45/58

45

Comparing

Places or Things


46/58

46

Horizontal Bar Graph

To show relationships betweenpeople, products, regions, or

companies at a moment frozen intime

It answers the question Which isbigger?


47/58

47

Population Pyramid

It is a great format to use fororganizing demographic

information into a specializedform of the paired horizontal bargraph

Pop lation P ramids


48/58

48

Population Pyramids

Butterfly Format

It is helpful when therelationship between sets of

information is critical


49/58

49

Deviation Bars

Bars to the right or left of thereference axis will indicate the

area of standard deviation,emphasizing divergence from theexpected value


50/58

50

Distribution and

Correlation


51/58

51

Frequency

It is the number of times itoccurs


52/58

52

Frequency Distribution

It measures size (quantity ormagnitude)

Ex. A graph of student test scores


53/58

53

Histogram

It reveals the distribution ofmeasurement along the horizontal

scale which is divide into bins


54/58

54

Correlation

The degree to which one eventcan be predicted from another

can be visualized in a graph


55/58

55

Scattergram

It shows how two data setscorrelate

It is often presented with aregression line

S


56/58

56

SummaryGraphs

GraphingTerminologies

Data

PopulationDensity

Observation Variable

Plotted Variable

Range

Units

Grid

Scale

Types of Graphs

Single-Scale Bar

Time-Related

Vertical Bar Line

Area

Pie


57/58

57

Summary

Anatomy of a Graph The Graph

Window

Origin

Extent

The Window Grid

Reference Values

Data Symbols

Text Annotation

Time-RelatedGraphing

Line Graph

Area Graph Vertical/Column

Bar Graph

Time-Seriescombinations

Double-Scale

Graph

Summary


58/58

Summary Comparing

Component Parts Pie Graph

Divided Bar

GraphsComparing

Places/Things

Horizontal Bar Pair of Bars

Population

Population Pyramids

Butterfly Format Deviation Bar

Distribution

FrequencyDistribution

Histogram

Correlation

Scattegrams

Documents

Cbs - Using Graphs