Camera Movement PDF

Camera Work

Sunday, 31 October 2010

To identify the various shot types and techniques used in film, television, interactive media and games.

To develop an understanding of camera technology and terminology.

To establish reasons why particular shots are chosen.

Camera Work

OBJECTIVE CAMERA

The attempt to suggest that the camera acts only as a passive recorder of what happens in front of it.

The use of objective camera relies on de-emphasis of technique, involving minimal camera movement and editing.

Camera Work

http://www.psu.edu/dept/inart10_110/inart10/film.html

SUBJECTIVE CAMERA

Shots simulating what a character actually sees; audience, character, and camera all "see" the same thing.

Much subjective camera involves distortion, indicating abnormal mental states.

Shots suggesting how a viewer should respond are also called "subjective" (for example, a high-angle shot used to make a boy look small and helpless).

Camera Work

Dr, Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1931 cinematography by Karl Struss

Wide Shot / Long Shot

Full Shot

Medium Shot

Close Up

Two Shot

Building Blocks of a Scene:

Camera Work

Wide Shot aka Long Shot

The wide/long shot is taken at a great distance.

Almost always an exterior shot and shows much of the locale.

Used a lot in Establishing shots. It is the opening shot of the scene and therefore tells us where we are.

Camera Work

Wide Shot aka Long Shot

Try to inject threads of narrative into the shot to grab the audiences attention and entice them to see ‘what happens next.’

A zoom towards a building tells the audience we are about to enter the building.

Camera Work

Dirty Harry, 1971 cinematography by Bruce Surtees

A full shot includes all of the subject.

Whether it be a full shot of a person, object or a building.

Full Shot

Camera Work

Full Shot from Dawn of the Dead 1978

Medium Shot

For example, a full shot of a helicopter includes all of the helicopter. A shot which includes the pilot and part of the door would be a medium shot.

Camera Work

Full Shot Medium Shot

Medium ShotA medium shot is usually from the knee to waste up. Also known as Waist Shot or Mid Shot

Camera Work

Terminator 2: Judgment Day 1991, Cinematgoraphy by Adam Greenberg

Medium Shot

A medium shot is commonly used as it can capture facial reactions, body language and environment.

Camera Work

Goodfellas 1990, cinematography by Michael Ballhaus

Close Up aka Single

A Close Up concentrates on a relatively small object.

For example, CU on the characters face or CU on a mobile phone.

A Single refers to a single character shot.

Camera Work

The Hurt Locker 2008, cinematography by Barry Ackroyd

Extreme Close Up

Extremely close to the subject. For example, ECU on the characters eyes or on the actors mouth.

2001: A Space Odyssey 1968, directed by Stanley Kubrick

Camera Work

2001: A Space Odyssey 1968, cinematography by Geoffrey Unsworth

Two ShotA frame which contains two characters.

Two shots are frequently used and are a fundamental peace of story telling.

Grand Theft Auto IV (2008)

Camera Work

Three ShotA frame which contains three characters.

Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)

Camera Work

Four ShotA frame which contains four characters.

The Inbetweeners (2010)

Camera Work

Over the Shoulder

Red Dead Redemption (2009)

Camera Work

Head & Shoulders

Big Head

Cowboy

Tight Two

Dirty Single

Clean Single

Character Shots

Camera Work

The Good, The Bad and the Ugly, 1966 cinematography by Tonino Delli Colli

Camera Angles

Eye Level

Birds Eye View

High Angled Shots

Low Angled Shots

Oblique Angle

Camera Work

Eye Level

Most scenes in a film are photographed at eye level 5-6ft from the ground. The audience sees the event as if it were happening right in front of them.

This shot is used to treat characters as equals and discourages the audience judging them and permits viewers to make up their own mind.

Camera Work

Birds Eye View

Shot from directly overhead the camera hovers from above like an all seeing all powerful God.

The shot expresses an idea of fate.

Camera Work

The Shining, 1980 cinematography by John Alcott

High Angled Shots

The camera is tilted down and therefore the ground is in the background.

A character seems harmless and insignificant.

The higher the angle the more it tends to imply fatality.

Camera Work

High Angled Shots

Camera Work

Red Dead Redemption (2009)

Dawn of the Dead 2004, cinematography by Matthew F. Leonetti

Low Angled Shots

The camera is tilted upwards and therefore the sky or ceiling is in the background.

Can be used to inspire awe or excitement.

Can also express authority and power.

Heightens the importance of a subject.

Camera Work

Low Angled Shots

Full Metal Jacket 1987 cinematography by Douglas Milsome

Camera Work

Low Angled Shots

Starship Troopers 1997 cinematography by Jost Vacano

Camera Work

Low Angled Shots

Starship Troopers 1997 cinematography by Jost Vacano

Camera Work

Commando 1985 cinematography by Matthew F. Leonetti

Camera Work

Terminator 2: Judgment Day 1991, Cinematgoraphy by Adam Greenberg

Low Angled Shots

Oblique Angle

The lateral tilt of the camera.

Suggests tension, transitions or impending movement

Image that slants to the right - Acting Forceful

Image that slants to the left - Weak, Static

Evil Dead, 1981 cinematography by Joseph LoDuca

Camera Work

Modern Warfare 2 (2009)

Camera Dynamics

• Pan

• Swish Pan

• Tilt

• Pedestal

• Truck/Track

• Zooms

Camera Dynamics

• Dolly

• Dolly Zoom

• Hand Held

• Floating

• Crane/Jib

• Helicopter

Horizontal movement from a stable point.

Look left and right, that’s panning.

Camera Dynamics

Swish Pan

Fast horizontal movement. Creates a motion blur.

Can make the shot more subjective.

Can be used as a transition into another shot or scene.

Camera Dynamics

Vertical Movement from a stable point.

Look up and down, that’s tilting.

Camera Dynamics

Pedestal

Moving the camera up or down without changing the horizontal or vertical axis.

Physically moving the whole camera.

Camera Dynamics

The Cameraman 1928, cinematography by Edward Sedgwick

Truck/Track

Motion Left or Right but not panning.

Camera Dynamics

The Exorcist 1973, cinematography by Owen Roizman

Changes the focal length of a camera lens to make the subject appear closer or further away.

The timing of a zoom is critical because sometimes it can distract the viewer.

Camera Dynamics

Motion towards or away. Physically move the camera closer or further away from the subject.

Camera Dynamics

Dolly Zoom

A cinematic effect that occurs when the camera pulls away from the subject as the lens is zoomed closer or vice versa.

Camera Dynamics

Vertigo 1958, cinematography by Robert Burks

Dolly Zoom

Aka The Hitchcock Zoom, Vertigo Zoom, Jaws Shot,Trombone Shot, Zolly/Zido, Telescoping, Contra-Zoom and Reverse Tracking, The Dolly Zoom creates perspective distortion.

Camera Dynamics

1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contra-zoom_aka_dolly_zoom_animation.gif

Jaws 1975, cinematography by Bill Butler

Hand Held

When the camera operator films without the use of a tripod.

This type of shooting is like news reel and documentary footage.

It can be very unstable.

Camera Dynamics

Floating

The Steadicam was invented by Garrett Brown in 1971.

Brown wanted to achieve smoother shots hand held rather that lay

down bulky tracks which is time consuming, expensive and inflexible.

Camera Dynamics

Garrett Brown Steadicam tests

Rocky 1976, cinematography by James Crabe & Garrett Brown

Crane/Jib

A Crane or Jib can be used to achieve high or low angles and can move smoothly in most directions.

They are bulky, expensive and can be tricky to operate.

Camera Dynamics

Crane/Jib

Camera Dynamics

Helicopter

Footage shot from a helicopter can also achieve great results.

It is also expensive and dependant on weather conditions.

Camera Dynamics

Attenborough’s Journey (2010)

Fallout: New Vegas 2010

Summary

Wide Shot / Long Shot

Full Shot

Medium Shot

Close Up

Two Shot

Building Blocks

Head & Shoulders

Big Head

Cowboy

Tight Two

Dirty Single

Clean Single

Character Shots

Camera Angles

Eye Level

Birds Eye View

High Angled Shots

Low Angled Shots

Oblique Angle

Summary

Camera Dynamics

Summary

• Pan

• Swish Pan

• Tilt

• Pedestal

• Truck/Track

• Zooms

• Dolly

• Dolly Zoom

• Hand Held

• Floating

• Crane/Jib

• Helicopter

Further StudyREADINGCinematography: Theory & Practise by Blain Brown

DVDVisions of Light (1992)

The Cutting Edge: The Magic of Movie Editing (2004)Hollywood Camera Work: The Master Course

WEB LINKShttp://www.tv-handbook.com/Composition%20and%20Camera%20Movement.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_zoomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contra-zoom_aka_dolly_zoom_animation.gif

Camera Movement PDF

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