View
23
Download
3
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Basic Chemistry. Matter. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Physical change – doesn’t change chemically (like chopping veggies) Chemical change – alters the composition (fermentation). Energy. Energy – the ability to do work Chemical – when bonds are broken - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
Basic Chemistry
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Matter
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Physical change – doesn’t change chemically (like chopping veggies)
Chemical change – alters the composition (fermentation)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy
Energy – the ability to do work
Chemical – when bonds are broken
Electrical – movement of charged particles
Mechanical – from moving matter
Radiant – waves
The body uses energy released from breaking the bonds in ATP molecules (photosynthesis)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition of Matter Elements
Fundamental units of matter that cannot be broken down into similar substances.
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atomic Structure
Atoms
Building blocks of elements
Nucleus
Protons (p+)
Neutrons (n0)
Outside of nucleus
Electrons (e-)Figure 2.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Identifying Elements
Atomic number - # of protons (or electrons)
Atomic mass number - protons + neutrons
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes and Atomic Weight
Isotopes - Have the same # of protons and vary in # of neutrons
Figure 2.3
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes and Atomic Weight Atomic weight - Is basically the mass # (p+n)
but takes into account the different isotope mass.
*Hydrogen isotopes have atomic masses of 1, 2 & 3 causing the atomic mass to be 1.0079 instead of 1.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Radioactivity
Radioisotope – Isotope that is heavy & unstable. Needs to decompose to become stable
Radioactivity - Process of spontaneous atomic decay
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecules and Compounds Molecule – two or more like atoms combined
chemically
Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically. 2H + O = H2O
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy Shells & Bonding
- Atoms want their valence shell (outermost) filled with electrons. (inert)- When it isn’t filled, they lose, share or steal electrons forming bonds. (reactive)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy Shells & Bonding
Inert - FullReactive – lose, steal or share
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds - Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another (lost or stolen)
This forms Ions (Charged particles)
Anions are negative
Cations are positive
IONIC BONDS ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds – share electrons (single or double)
Figure 2.6c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION
Examples of Covalent Bonds
Figure 2.6a–b
PRESS TO PLAY
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.7
Polarity
Some atoms are better at attracting electrons than the other atoms in the molecule, causing polarity or charged poles.
Non-polar - neutral
Polar - Have a positiveand negative side
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds - Weak chemical bonds that
provides attraction between molecules. This helps keep structure.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
Energy is absorbed
Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
Chemical energy is released
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a–b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.9c
Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABAC+B) - both
synthesis and decomposition reactions
Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
Recommended