Basic Chemistry

ELAINE N. MARIEB

EIGHTH EDITION

2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY

PART A

Basic Chemistry


Matter

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass

Physical change – doesn’t change chemically (like chopping veggies)

Chemical change – alters the composition (fermentation)


Energy

Energy – the ability to do work

Chemical – when bonds are broken

Electrical – movement of charged particles

Mechanical – from moving matter

Radiant – waves

The body uses energy released from breaking the bonds in ATP molecules (photosynthesis)


Composition of Matter Elements

Fundamental units of matter that cannot be broken down into similar substances.

96% of the body is made from four elements

Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)

Nitrogen (N)


Atomic Structure

Atoms

Building blocks of elements

Nucleus

Protons (p+)

Neutrons (n0)

Outside of nucleus

Electrons (e-)Figure 2.1


Identifying Elements

Atomic number - # of protons (or electrons)

Atomic mass number - protons + neutrons


Isotopes and Atomic Weight

Isotopes - Have the same # of protons and vary in # of neutrons

Figure 2.3


Isotopes and Atomic Weight Atomic weight - Is basically the mass # (p+n)

but takes into account the different isotope mass.

*Hydrogen isotopes have atomic masses of 1, 2 & 3 causing the atomic mass to be 1.0079 instead of 1.


Radioactivity

Radioisotope – Isotope that is heavy & unstable. Needs to decompose to become stable

Radioactivity - Process of spontaneous atomic decay


Molecules and Compounds Molecule – two or more like atoms combined

chemically

Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically. 2H + O = H2O


Energy Shells & Bonding

- Atoms want their valence shell (outermost) filled with electrons. (inert)- When it isn’t filled, they lose, share or steal electrons forming bonds. (reactive)


Energy Shells & Bonding

Inert - FullReactive – lose, steal or share


Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds - Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another (lost or stolen)

This forms Ions (Charged particles)

Anions are negative

Cations are positive

IONIC BONDS ANIMATIONPRESS

TO PLAY


Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bonds – share electrons (single or double)

Figure 2.6c


COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION

Examples of Covalent Bonds

Figure 2.6a–b

PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.7

Polarity

Some atoms are better at attracting electrons than the other atoms in the molecule, causing polarity or charged poles.

Non-polar - neutral

Polar - Have a positiveand negative side


Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds - Weak chemical bonds that

provides attraction between molecules. This helps keep structure.


Patterns of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)

Energy is absorbed

Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)

Chemical energy is released


Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Figure 2.9a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.9c

Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABAC+B) - both

synthesis and decomposition reactions

Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

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Basic Chemistry