Basic Chemistry

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PART B2

Basic Chemistry


Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions: CO, CO2

Tend to be smaller, simpler compounds Example: H2O (water), NH3 (ammonia)

Organic Compounds Contain carbon Relatively larger molecules Covalently bonded, so are easier to break down Example: C6H12O6 (glucose), Fats, Lipids,

Proteins, DNA


Important Inorganic Compounds

Water

Most abundant inorganic compound

Vital Properties of Water High heat capacity – absorbs & releases heat before its

temperature changes appreciably; helps prevent sudden changes in body temperature

Polarity/solvent properties – universal solvent; dissolves salts, acids & bases, transports gases & wastes, lubricates joints

Chemical reactivity - hydrolysis: breakdown nutrients with water

Cushioning – Major component of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) & amniotic fluid



Salts Ionic compounds made of cations & anions other than H+

or OH-

Polarity of water allows salts to dissociate into ions

Vital to many body functions – Na+ & K+ for nerve impulses, carriers across cell

membranes Ca+2 & P-3 in bones and teeth Fe+2 and Fe+3 for hemoglobin of rbcs Include electrolytes (charged particles) which

conduct electrical currents



Acids

Release hydrogen ions (H+)

Are “proton donors”

Sour taste

Example: HCl → H+ + Cl-

Bases

Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)

Are “proton acceptors”

Bitter taste, slippery

Example: NaOH → Na+ + OH-


Combining Acids + Bases…

Neutralization Reaction

Acids and bases always react to form water and a salt

NaOH + HCl →

H2O + NaCl


Figure 2.12

pH: Acid-Base Concentrations

Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/Liter

pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic

Buffers—weak acids & bases that absorb excess H + or OH- to maintain blood pH of 7.4

TPS: Checkpoint ?s


Organic Compounds

Large carbon based molecules containing small, reactive areas known as functional groups

Often are polymers (poly = many)…long chains of repeating units called monomers (mono = one)

Monomers connect by dehydration synthesis (de-hydra-tion = remove-water-having to do with) (synthesis = to put together)


Important Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches CHO ratio of approximately 1:2:1 Classified according to size

Monosaccharides—simple, individual sugar units

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose


Carbohydrates

Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose)


Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides—long, branching chains of linked simple sugars

Starch

Glycogen

Carbohydrates – source of food energy; produced through photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP



Lipids

Also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

Insoluble in water Obtained from fats in diet -

Marbled meats, egg yolks, oils Solids – animal fat, saturated, C-C,

“bad fats” --clog arteries over time Liquid – plant oils, unsaturated, C=C, “healthier fats”


LipidsPLAY

Lipids

Common Lipids in the Human Body…

Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Found in fat deposits

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Source of stored energy in the body


Lipids

Figure 2.15a

Reaction type?


Lipids

Common lipids in the human body …

Phospholipids Form cell membranes

Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and

some hormones Cholesterol found in:

Cell membranes Brain Used for vitamin D synthesis Used for synthesis of sex hormones


Lipids

Figure 2.15b

Saturated or unsaturated?


Figure 2.15c

Lipids

Cholesterol

The basis for all steroids made in the body

TPS: Checkpoint ?Double bond

glucose

ribose

Carbon atom



Proteins

Made of amino acids

Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Figure 2.16


Proteins

General amino acid structure

Contain an amino group (NH2)

Contain an acid group (C=O-OH)

Vary only by R groups, which are made of various carbon chains


Proteins

Classification of proteins…

Polypeptides: < 50 amino acids

Proteins: > 50 amino acids

Various combinations of the 20 different amino acids form all proteins

Account for over half of the body’s organic matter

Provide for construction materials for body tissues

Play a vital role in cell function

Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies


Figure 2.17a

Protein Types

Fibrous proteins

Also known as structural proteins

Appear in body structures…ear, nose, etc.

Examples: collagen (bones, cartilage, tendons) & keratin (hair, nails, skin)

Extremely stable—difficult to break down chemically


Figure 2.17b

Protein Types

Globular proteins

Also known as functional proteins

Function as antibodies, hormones or enzymes

Examples: Insulin, Hemoglobin

Can be denatured—broken down by changes in temp, pH, chemicals., etc.


Figure 2.18a

Enzymes

Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Don’t change, are reusable and are very specific Names end in suffix -ase


Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids

Made of C, H, O, N & P

Provide blueprint of life

Made of Nucleotides

Nitrogen base

5-carbon sugar

Phosphate

Figure 2.19a


Nitrogen Bases:

A = Adenine

G = Guanine

C = Cytosine

T = Thymine

U = Uracil

(only found in RNA)

Nucleotides combine to make DNA and RNA


Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

Replicates before cell division

Provides instructions for every protein in the body

Figure 2.19c


DNA

Double-stranded

Nitrogen bases = A,T,C,G

Sugar = Deoxyribose

RNA

Single-stranded

Nitrogen bases = A,U,C,G

Sugar = ribose



Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy used by all cells

Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond

ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

ATP nucleotide components:

Adenine

Ribose

3 phosphate groups


Release of ATP Energy

Note that Hydrolysis is the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis


Uses of ATP Energy


Uses of ATP Energy


Uses of ATP Energy


Figure 2.21

Uses of ATP …

ChemicalTransportMechanical

Energy released duringcellular oxidation of food is then used to regenerate ATP from ADP + P…

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