AP U.S. History Exam Study Guide

AP History Exam Study Guide

By Will Erickson

Chapter 1!

Aztecs

• Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology

Corn/ Maize

• Critical to early life

• Turned nomads into settlers

• Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)

Christopher Columbus

• Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes

• Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses

• Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs)

• To Caribbean: Sugar Cane

Columbian Exchange

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain

• Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture

Hernan Cortes

Chapter 2!

• Created colony in North Carolina

Sir Walter Raleigh

• England’s FIRST colony, later vanished

Roanoke Island

3 Things Needed To Colonize

• 1: Popular Monarch• 2: Religious Unity• 3: Nationalism

• Only eldest sons could inherit land

Primogeniture

• Allowed younger siblings chance for land

Joint-Stock Company

Surplus Population

• England was very overcrowded

• Colonized in North America for gold

Virginia Company of London

• Virginia Company of England’s colony

• Nasty conditions

Jamestown

• 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

Three D’s

Tobacco/ John Rolfe

• John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

• First government in colony

House of Burgesses

• Protected Catholics from Protestants

Act Of Toleration

• Reduced risk of slave rebellion

Barbados Slave Code

Georgia

• Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

Chapter 3!

John Calvin

• Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

• Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints

Visible Saints

• Agreement signed to hold government

• Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority

Mayflower Compact

• 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

Great Migration

• Questioned legality of colony’s charter

• Williams was forced to leave colony

• Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom)

• Built settlements in Rhode Island

Roger Williams

• Constitution for Connecticut river colony

Fundamental Orders

• New settlement• Goal: Grand Seaport

New Haven

New England Confederation

• 4 colonies founded to defend enemies

• Goal: Make trade more efficient• Smuggling= Result

English Navigation Laws

Dominion of New England

• Included NY, East + West NJ

• Blow to Massachusetts

• Navigation laws- weakly enforced

Salutary Neglect

Pennsylvania/ Penn

• Quakers arise in mid 1600’s• William Penn- earns large amount of land

(Pennsylvania)

Chapter 4!

Women/ Chesapeake

• Settlers faced many diseases• Life Expectancy down• Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

Indentured Servants

• Tobacco labor up

• White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time

Headright System

• Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land

• Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley

• Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley

• Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers

Bacon’s Rebellion

• The voyage to Americas from Africa

Middle Passage

• Social Structure Ladder…

• Rich Planters (owned slaves + land)

• Small farmers (1-2 slaves)

• Landless whites (Indentured Servants)

• Black Slaves

Southern Social Structure

Salem

• 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

• Proud national trait of New England

Yankee Ingenuity

Chapter 5!

Ethnic Makeup

• America: Melting Pot• Germans: 6%• Scots/Irish: 7%• Other Euro Countries: .5%• Africa: 20%• Most mixed in world

• America= Opportunity• Started to look more

like Europe• Black slaves- No Rights

Social Structure vs. Great Britain

Workaday America

• 90% of people- Agriculture

• Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores

• Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa

Triangular Trade

Molasses Act

• 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies

• Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence

Benjamin Franklin

• Social place for all statuses

Taverns

Religion & Location

• Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies

• Religion- Down• Jonathan Edwards: Stated

the need for complete dependence on God’s grace

• Three lasting effects– # Of Churches: Up– Encouraged missionary work

among Indians and some slaves

– 1st spontaneous mass movement of America

Great Awakening

Schools & Religion

• New England most interested in education

• Mostly male leaders were educated

• Emphasis: Religion and Language

• Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed

• Achievement for reporter’s freedom

John Peter Zenger

• Appointed by King

• Appointed by themselves

• Themselves under self-governing charters

3 Types Of Colonies

Chapter 6!

• Quebec founded in Canada

• French gain complete control over New France

• Valuable resource = beaver

• French goal- block Spain

New France

• England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land

• Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King

Result of wars in N.A.

• England: ventured westward• France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

Ohio Valley

Congress of Albany

• Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up

• Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France

• Fought around world

• Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies

• France- Wasted strength

Seven Years’ War

Proclamation of 1763

• Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains

Chapter 7!

• Wealth- Power• Gold- More exported then imported

Mercantilism

• Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

Navigation Laws

Sugar Act

• Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

• Required America to supply food and housing to troops

Quartering Act

• Tax on most paper items

Stamp Act

Stamp Act Congress

• 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act

• Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases

Declaratory Act

Townshend Act

• Small import tax, colonists still enraged

Boston Massacre

• Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

First Continental Congress

• 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

• England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord

• ENG + U.S.A officially at war

Lexington & Concord

• POSITIVES– Population: 3-1 over U.S.

• NEGATIVES– Cockiness– 2nd rate generals– No desire to kill colonists

Positives/ Negatives of ENG

• POSITIVES– G. Washington + Ben.

Frank.- Great leaders– Fighting for freedom

• NEGATIVES– Soldiers- Disorganized

Positives/Negatives of U.S.

Chapter 8!

Olive Branch Petition

• 1775- Avoided war with England• Reaffirmed America’s faith to England

• Thomas Paine• Argued for

American freedom from England

• Written so that common people could understand

Common Sense

• Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent

• Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

Declaration Of Independence

• Americans won• Turning point for U.S.

Saratoga

• American + French forces force English surrender

Yorktown

• Ended Revolutionary War

• America gained freedom

Treaty Of Paris

Chapter 9!

• Separated church and state• Written by Thomas Jefferson

VA Statute For Religious Freedom

Republican Motherhood

• The crucial role of women in a free America

State Constitutions

• Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

Lack of Trading• England: Made own goods• America couldn’t trade with England

or French West Indies

• Written constitution for U.S.

• States get land

• Each state= 1 vote

Articles of Confederation

• Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state• Path to Statehood

Northwest Ordinance

Articles of Confederation

• +: Form of government, outlined constitution

• -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program

• NW land bought- National Debt

Land Ordinance

Ugly Duckling

• U.S. + ENG: Tension

• ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S.

• Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida

• French- Wanted debts payed off

• Farmers demanded lighter taxes

• Daniel Shay raised small army

• Rebellion crushed

Shay’s Rebellion

• Fear of mass public disorder

Mobocracy

• Held in Philadelphia• Saved by Alexander

Hamilton• Held in secrecy• Each state= 1 vote• Meant to agree on

Constitution

Constitutional Convention

• Most delegates- lawyers• 55 Delegates• All rich, young, but experienced• Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

C.C. Delegate Make-Up

Small/Large State Plan

• “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population

• “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size

• Equal representation

• 2 senators/ state

Great Compromise

Electoral College

• Elects the president

• Slavery citizenship debated

• 3/5th of a vote per slave

3/5th Compromise

“We The People”

• First words of constitution

• Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t • Federalists: Influence of- rich-

Anti vs. Federalists

• In favor of Constitution

• Supported federalists

Federalist Papers

Ratification Process

• Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn• 4 final states join

Chapter 10!

• Doubled• Cities emerge + grew

Population/ 25 Years

• Not in Constitution• Evolved by George

Washington• Members: Thomas

Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)

The Cabinet

Rural/ Urban Population

• Rural: 90%

• Organized Supreme Court

• Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment

Bill Of Rights

• Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest

Hamilton/ “funding at par”

Customs Duties/ Excise Tax

• How to get/collect money? – Taxes • 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

• Government- major stockholder + print $• Useful, but constitutional?

Bank of the U.S.

• Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson)

• Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)

Strict vs. Loose Constructionism

Whiskey Rebellion

• SW Pennsylvania• Tarred + Feathered

revenue officers• Collections came

to a halt• 13,000 citizens

rally to crush rebellion

Reign of Terror

• French king killed, church attacked

• Daily hangings• French

Revolution

• U.S. neutral to war in France• Self- Interest

Neutrality Proclamation

• Native Americans defeated, give up land

Fallen Timbers

• U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

Treaty of Greenville

• England: Left posts, paid ship damage

• America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)

Jay’s Treaty

• U.S. + Spain• America

gained Florida and Mississippi

Pickney’s Treaty

XYZ Affair

• Secret French officials demand $32 million

• $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister

• Peace between France + U.S.• Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

Convention of 1800

• Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced

• Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison

Alien & Sedition Act

• Right to refuse laws

• No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court

Nullification

Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs