AP Bio Plants (KFogler)

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AP Biology 2007-2008

Domain

Bacteria

Domain

Archaea

Domain

Eukarya

Common ancestor 

Kingdom: Plants

Domain Eukarya

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AP Biology

The first plants

For more than 3 billion years, Earth¶s

terrestrial surface was lifeless

life evolved in the seas

1st photosynthetic organisms wereaquatic green algae

Chlamydomonas

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AP Biology

Evolution of Land Plants

500 mya land plants evolved

special adaptations for life on dry land

protection from drying = desiccation

waxy cuticle gas exchange (through cuticle)

stomates

water & nutrient

conducting systems xylem & phloem

protection for embryo

seeds

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AP Biology

Plant Diversity

Bryophytes

non-vascular land plants

Pteridophytes

seedlessvascular plants

Gymnosperm

pollen &³naked´ seeds

Angiosperm

flowers & fruit

pollen & seeds

vascular system = water conduction

mosses ferns

conifersflowering plants

colonization of land

Tracheophytes

xylem cells = tracheidsAncestral Protist

flowers

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AP Biology

Animal vs. Plant life cycle

diploidmulticellular 

individual2n

diploidmulticellular sporophyte

2n

haploidmulticellular gametophyte

1n

haploidunicellular gametes

1n

gametes1n

Animal Plant

alternation of generations

meiosis

fertilization

mitosis

mitosismitosis

fertilization

mitosis

no multicellular haploid

meiosis

spores1nzygote 2n

zygote 2n

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AP Biology

First land plants

Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

non-vascular 

no water transport system

no true roots

swimming sperm

flagellated sperm

lifecycle dominated by

haploid gametophyte stage

fuzzy moss plant you arefamiliar with is haploid

spores for reproduction

haploid cells which sprout

to form gametophyte

diploidhaploid

Where must

mosses live?

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AP Biology

Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

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AP Biology

Peat Bog³Peat Moss´

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AP Biology

First vascular plants

Pteridophytes: ferns

vascular  water transport system

xylem, phloem, roots, leaves

swimming sperm flagellated sperm

life cycle dominated bysporophyte stage leafy fern plant you are

familiar with is diploid fragile independent

gametophyte (prothallus)

spores for reproduction haploid cells which sprout

to form gametophyte

diploid

Where must

ferns live?

haploid

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AP Biology

Pteridophytes: FernsSelaginella Psilotum

Horsetails Ferns

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AP Biology

Alternation of generations

Fern gametophyte (1n)

small haploid plant which produces gametes

homospory: male & female on same plant

archegonia

antheridia

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AP Biology

diploid

Alternation of generations

haploid

produces male

& female gametes

archegonia

antheridia

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AP Biology

Early Pteridophytes: Tree Ferns

Carboniferous forest ± 290-350 mya

Forests of seedless plants decayed into deposits of coal & oil

Foss il fuels«I get it! 

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AP Biology

Pteridophytes: Tree ferns

frondsfrondsfiddleheadsfiddleheads

With frondslike these who

needs enemies! 

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AP Biology

First seed plants

Gymnosperm: conifers

vascular 

heterospory male vs. female gametophytes

seeds naked seeds (no fruit)

pollen contain male gametophyte

life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage coniferous trees you are familiar with are diploid

reduced (microscopic) gametophyte

reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg &embryo in protective sporophyte

protected from drought & UV radiation

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AP Biology

Early Gymnosperm: ginkgo

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AP Biology

Early Gymnosperm: cycads

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AP Biology

Gymnosperm: conifers

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AP Biology

Cones & naked seeds

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AP Biology

male

female

male (pollen) cones

female cones

sporangium & pollen

pine embryo

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AP Biology

Pollen

Pollen

eliminated the

requirement for 

water for fertilization

spread

through wind

& animal

Where canconifers live?

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AP Biology

First flowering plants

Angiosperm: flowering plants

vascular 

heterospory male vs. female gametophytes

flower  specialized structure for sexual reproduction

seeds within fruit

pollen

life cycle dominated bysporophyte stage trees & bushes you are familiar 

with are diploid

reduced (microscopic)gametophyte

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AP Biology

Angiosperm life cyclepollengrains

new sporophytein seed (diploid)

ovary sac

3n endosperm

2n zygote

doublefertilization

female gametophyte =ovary sac (haploid)

male gametophyte =pollen grain (haploid)

sperm nuclei traveldown pollen tube

2n embryo

polar nuclei

eggcell

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AP Biology

Anther 

FilamentStamen

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Carpel

Sepal

Petal

Ovule

sepalspetals

Flower 

Modified shoot with 4 rings

of modified leaves

sepals

petals stamens

male

carpel female stamens

carpel

adaptations through mutations

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AP Biology

Identify the flower structures«

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AP Biology

Flower variations

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AP Biology

Angiosperm: fruiting plants

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AP Biology

Other fruits«

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AP Biology

Seed & Plant embryo

Seed offers«

protection for 

embryo

stored nutrientsfor growth of 

embryo

seed coat

endosperm(3n)

cotyledons

embryo (2n)

cotyledons = ³seed´ leaves,

first leaves of new plant

cotyledons = ³seed´ leaves,

first leaves of new plant

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AP Biology

Monocots & dicots

Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes

dicots (eudicot)

2 cotyledons (seed leaves)

leaves with network of veins woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans

monocots

1 cotyledon

leaves with parallel veins

grasses, palms, lilies

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AP Biology

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AP Biology 2007-2008

Any

Questions??

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AP Biology 2007-2008

Animal vs. Plant life cycle

diploidmulticellular 

individual2n

diploidmulticellular sporophyte

2n

haploidmulticellular gametophyte

1n

haploidunicellular gametes

1n

spores1n

gametes1n

Animal Plant

alternation of generations

meiosis

fertilization

mitosis meiosis

mitosismitosis

fertilization

mitosis

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AP Biology

Animal vs. Plant life cycle

diploidmulticellular 

individual2n

diploidmulticellular sporophyte

2n

haploidmulticellular gametophyte

1n

haploidunicellular gametes

1n

spores1n

gametes1n

Animal Plant

alternation of generations

meiosis

fertilization

mitosis meiosis

mitosismitosis

fertilization

mitosis