Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations )

Ancient Civilizations(River Valley Civilizations)Asian Studies II

*NOTES*

CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society.

(2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species”

(3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”

WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???

*NOTES*EIGHT BASIC FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION:

(1) Writing Systems (2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc.

(3) Government / Laws

*NOTES*

(4) Art / Architecture

(5) Social Classes

*NOTES*

(6) Organized Religion (7) Job Specialization

(8) Development of Cities

An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization

CultureThe way of life of a

group of peopleRise of cities

Growth of Government.

Usually monarchs

Emergence of Religion

Priests take an active role. New Social

StructureDifferent social classes emerge

Use of WritingFirst was Cuneiform in

Artistic ActivityTemples, Pyramids,

Palaces, Painting, and Sculpture

Seatwork 2.3: In one paragraph (5-7 sentences), discuss two negative (bad) and two positive (good) consequences of civilization building. What types of issues do complex societies deal with???

ASIAN CIVILIZATIONSocial Studies II

Archaeologists believe this is where one of the world’s first civilizations arose. Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) – is known as the cradle of Civilization.

TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:• Summarize how geography affected the cultural development in the Fertile Crescent.• Describe city-states and how other cultures learned from them.• Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.• Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: 4 early River Valley Civilizations

• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River

• Harappan Civilization - Indus River• Ancient China - Huang Ho (Yellow) River

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)

City-States in Mesopotamia

City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY

A. Mostly dry desert climate in SW Asia (Middle East)

SW Asia

(the Middle East)

Fertile Crescent

1. Except in region between Tigris / Euphrates rivers2. a flat plain known as Mesopotamia lies between the two rivers3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of its soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.

City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY

3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of it’s soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.

Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges

1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources - stone, wood, metal

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia

I. GEOGRAPHY

Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.

B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources (stone, wood, metal)

C. Solutions 1. Irrigation ditches2. Built city walls with mud bricks3. Traded with people around them for the products they lacked. Initiated Bronze Age.

Sumerian innovations in achieving civilization

set example others would follow.

But to arrive at these solutions,

required organized government.

Let’s now look at the type of government the Sumerians had.

II. The City-State Structure of GovernmentA. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –

a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

Definetype of

government

The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.

Right: Standing nude "priest-king," ca. 3300–3000 B.C.; Uruk.

Left: Bas-relief depicting priests intervening between worshipers and gods.

Definetype of

government

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm land

Definetype of

government

D. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At the center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive,

tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line.

Definetype of

government

Historians wonder…Did the Sumerians develop this new type of government on their own, or did they learn and adopt it only after contact with other peoples – cultural diffusion?

Cultural diffusion is the spread of elements of one culture to another people, generally through trade.

Take the spread of writing. Similarities between the pictograms of Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, and the Indus script are striking.

Can you give examples of cultural diffusion in your society today?

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –

a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line. H. Through their trade with neighboring peoples, the Sumerians spread their new innovations. This is cultural diffusion – the spread of one culture’s ideas, products, traditions, beliefs etc. to another people.

Let’s now examine Sumerian beliefs and other elements of their culture.

III. SUMERIAN CULTUREA. RELIGION

A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C.E.

1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. The Sumerians viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

Marduk, the Dragon godPP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Reflection Time:

How does every event happening to people at any given moment affect how they think about their God(s)?

1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.

1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.

III. SUMERIAN CULTUREB. SOCIETY

1. Three social classesa. Priests and royalty (kings)b. Wealthy merchantsc. Ordinary workers

[Slaves] –were not free citizens and thus not included in class system

2. Women

Left: Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C. Right: Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple at Nippur, circa 2600-2300 B.C.

a. Had more rights than in many later civilizations (could own property, join lower ranks of priesthood)b. But not allowed to attend schools (could not read or write)

III. SUMERIAN CULTUREC. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform

Cylinder seals and their ancient impressions on administrative documents and locking devices are our richest source for a range of meaningful subject matters.A wealth of these have been discovered at Sumerian sites. *

III. SUMERIAN CULTUREC. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform

2. Invented wheel, the sail, the plow and sickle3. First to use bronze.

Other Sumerian Achievements• one of the earliest sketched maps

• astronomy

• a number system in base 60from which stems our modern units of measuring time

and the 360 degrees of a circle.

Sumerian Schools: EDUBBAS or Tablet houses

SUMERIAN EDUCATION

Numerical System: based on 60, F R A C T I O N SUsed in writing: STYLUS . Clay tablets: TEXTBOOKS

Development of WEIGHTS and MEASURES

Develop Banking System

Use Shell coins

Set LawsFirst Law From Ur-Nammu, ruler of Ur: Sumeria

SUMERIAN ORNAMENTS

Bust of Lady Pu-abi

Reconstructed with golden earrings and elaborate headdress

A Mesopotamian statue known as "The Ram in the Thicket". This object was found in the Great Death Pit at the Royal Cemetery at Ur and dates from the third millenium BC.

DEATH PIT OF UR

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM

http://mesopotamia.mrdonn.org

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm

http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/mesopotamia/meso.htm

http://www.earth-history.com

SUMERIAN REFERENCES

A K K A D I A N SA K K A D I A , C I T Y O F A K K A

DTHE VERY FIRST EMPIRE IN HISTORY

1800 – 1530 B.C.

IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.

These internal struggles meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy. B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)

1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - when several peoples, nations, or previously independent states are placed under the control of one ruler.

Definetype of

government

2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years, 2350 – approx. 2150 B.C.E.

IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.

These internal struggle meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy.B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)

1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - bringing together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states and place them under the control of one ruler.

Definetype of

government

2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years3. Spoke a Semitic language (related to Arabic and Hebrew)

Arabic Hebrew sample Akkadian text

Invasions, internal fighting, and a severe famine all contributed to the end of the Akkadian Empire.

AKKADIAN’S INTERNAL DISSENTION

Sargon abolished the

local dynasties Sargon diverted the Persian Gulf trade of copper, precious stones to Agade which resulted to Sumer’s impoverishment.

Sargon was of different race.

C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.2. Built capital, Babylon, on Euphrates river

C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.E.2. Built captial, Babylon, on Euphrates river

3. Reign of Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.E.]

3. Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law

A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region.

• Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.

Why do you think Hammurabi thought it important to place all the cities within his Empire under the same uniform code of laws?

And why do you think he believed it important to place the laws in prominent locations so the people could visibly see them?

3. Babylonian Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law

A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region. • Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.

• Strict in nature – “the punishment fits the crime” / “eye for an eye” Such laws were adopted by neighbors – many similar found in Hebrew scriptures (Old Testament)• His act set an important precedent – idea that the government was responsible for what occurred in society.

Cute websitehttp://www.phillipmartin.info/hammurabi/hammurabi_situation_index.htm

CH 2 Sec. 1 Primary Source Document Analysis: “Hammurabi’s Code” (see handout)

Partnered Students

Hammurabi, the king of righteousness,On whom Shamash has conferred the Law,

When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land,

I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed.

Below are situations Hammurabi faced. You and your partner decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem.

Then together we’ll view what Hammurabi actually declared. We’ll find out if Marduk, the supreme god, will be pleased with your decisions?

1. What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? 2. What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? 3. What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? 4. What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? 5. What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? 6. What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? 7. What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop?8. How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another?

BABYLONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS

First to Study the Planets

Divided the week into 7 days

Invented the clock and sundial to measure time

OLDEST MAP IN HISTORY

WITH BABYLON AT THE CENTER

BABYLONIAN BELIEF

SOOTHSLAYERS make predictions by studying internal organs of butchered animals

laws which dealt with crimes against the state.

CODE OF HAMMURABI

LEX TALIONIS “Law of Retaliation”

Hammurabi – 1st King of Babylonian Empire

Law of JUSTICE

The oldest known copies of these Sumerian versions royal court entertainment in the reign of the Third dynasty of Ur and King Shulgi.

Gilgamesh, King of Uruk

author’s name : Shin-eqi- unninni, who is now the oldest known human author

GILGAMESH

http://www.maverickscience.com/archaeoastronomy.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia

http://www.deeperstudy.org/link/babylonian_empire.html

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/gelbmyth/babylonianflood.jpg

BABYLONIAN REFERENCES

H I T T I T E S

The Hittites were a Hamitic race. They are called "the sons of Heth"

1100. – 612 B.C.

Indo – European Speaking People from Asia Minor

Living in Hatti (Anatolia, Turkey)

First Hittite Kingdom founded by King Labarnas

Hattic Language

H I T T I T E S GOVERNMENT

MURSILIS I – King lead in to the victory over the Babylonians

SUPPILULIUMAS I – Made the Hittite Kingdom reach its height

SUPPILULIUMAS II – Last King of the Hittites

H I T T I T E S POLITICSKADESH PARITY PEACE

TREATY

Very First Treaty signed by two great empires: Hittite and Egypt (Hatussili III) (Ramses II)

Lion Gate of Hattusa, the capital of Hittites,

H I T T I T E ARCHITECTURE

H I T T I T E MINING AND FIRST IRON WEAPONS

Hittite (bull) Rhyton

HITTITE EXPERT HORSE RIDERS

THE THREE MAN CHARIOT

Assyrians (1176-612 B.C.) They were semetic people living in the North Mesopotamia

Important People:

A.Shanishi-Abad (Monarch)- attempted to build an empire.

B.Tukulti-Ninurta – began their first conquest

C.Ashurnasirpal II – started the policy of territorial expansion

D.Tiglat- Pileser – extended their control to Syria and Armenia

E.Sargon II – divided the expanded domain to manageable areas

AshurbanipalAshurbanipal-last great

monarch. He assembled a library of all literature in

Mesopotamia

Contributions:1.Experts in carving stones

2.Perfected the use of iron

3.Skilled hunters

4.Professional soldiers (science and art of war)

ASSYRIAN CARVING STONES

CHALDEANS

For behold, I am rousing up the Chaldeans, that bitter and impetuous nation who march through the breadth of the earth to take possession of dwelling places that do not belong to them. [II Kings 24:2.]

612 – 539 B.C.

Chaldeans (612-539 B.C.)• They were also

called the “New Babylonians”

• They forced a large part of Jewish population to relocate.

• Contributions:1. Hanging Garden2. Tower of Babel3. The system of

1hour=60minutes4. Lunar and Solar Calendars

with days, months and year5. High level of Algebra,

Science and Astronomy

Hanging garden

CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE

HANGING GARDENS- KING

NEBUCCHADNEZZAR

TOWER OF BABEL

CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE

Important Leaders• Eriba Marduk- founder of

the Chaldean dynasty• Merodach Balden-

attempted to seize the Babylonian crown with the help of the Elamites

• Mushezib Marduk – the prince who revolted with the support of the Elamites

Eriba Marduk

PHOENICIANS

KNOWN AS THE CANAANITES AND SIDONIANS

S E A F A R E R S "shipmen that had a knowledge of the sea.“ (I Kings 9:27)

Semetic people living in Mediterranean Coast (Lebanon, some part of Syria and Israel) most skillful shipbuilders and navigators of their time seafaring, manufacturing, and trading nation

PHOENICIAN LIFE

When sailing at night, sailors kept their ship in the right direction by observing constellations and the North Star, or what the ancient world called the "Phoenician Star." There were other voyages undertaken by Phoenician explorers

PHOENICIAN PORTS

TYRECENTER OF DYE

INDUSTRY

SIDONCENTER OF GLASS

INDUSTRY

PHOENICIAN COLONY

Coastal city on the Gulf of Tunisia founded by the Tyrian Phoenicians in 814 B.C.

From a snail, the murex, they obtained a crimson dye called TYRIAN PURPLE.

PHOENICIAN T R A D E

METAL WORK

PHOENICIAN BUST,EGYPTIAN INFLUENCED

CEDAR TREES FOR SHIP BUILDING

GOLD ORNAMENTS

PHOENICIAN COINS

PHOENICIANNEW WRITING SYSTEM

PHOENICIAN RELIGION

Phoenician religion was inspired by the powers and processes of nature. Many of the gods they worshiped, however, were localized and are now known only under their local names. A pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon.

BAAL: KING OF EARTH

ASHERAH:QUEEN OF HEAVEN

H E B R E W S". . . I will bless you and make your name great ; and you shall be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed“ (Genesis 12:2-3)

HEBREW HISTORY

Hebrews travelled to Canaan with leader, ABRAHAM

During the famine, some Hebrews went to Egypt

Great Exodus from Egypt, under the rule Ramses II

Hebrews settled at Mt. Sinai

Hebrews went to the land of Canaan, under

Joshua’s leadership

HEBREW KINGDOM

בן-ישי מלך ישראל דודDavid ben Yishai, Melekh Ysra’el

KING SAUL

KING DAVID

KING SOLOMON

HEBREW RELIGION

MONOTHEISM

ARC OF THE

COVENANT

YAHWEH

AGELESS

ETERNAL

SUPREME

HEBREW EMPHASIZES MORAL BEHAVIOR

1. I am the Lord your GOD2. You shall have no other

gods before me. You shall not make for yourself an idol.

3. You shall not make wrongful use of the name of your God.

4. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy.

5. Honor your father and mother.

6. You shall not murder.7. You shall not commit

adultery.8. You shall not steal.9. You shall not bear false

witness against your neighbor.

10. You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor.

10 COMMANDMENTS

PROPHETS EXPRESS HEBREW BELIEFS

Messenger of God Preached obedience to God’s Law Warned of Dangers of breaking any of God’s LawUrged Hebrews to remain firm to their Faith

Star of David or Shield of David

symbol of Jewish Identity and Judaism named after King David of ancient Israel.

God's Lamp, Man's Light: Mysteries of the Menorah

Hanukkah, Menorah

celebrates the rededication of the Temple after the successful Jewish revolt against the

Seleucid monarchy

PERSIANSIn the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the LORD spoken by Jeremiah, the LORD moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing (EZRA 1:1)

529 B.C.

PERSIAN SOCIETYINDO – EUROPEAN SPEAKING TRIBE

SOUTHWESTERN IRAN

CONTROLLED BY MEDES

PERSIAN RULERS

CYRUS THE GREAT 1ST PERSIAN RULER DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFEATED ASSYRIAN TRIBE: MEDES CAPTURED LAND OF CHALDEANS EXTENDED PERSIA TO BORDERS OF INDIA(EAST) AEGEAN SEA(WEST) AND EGYPT (SOUTH)

PERSIAN RULERSCAMBYSES TOOK OVER PERSIA AFTER FATHER’S DEATH EXPANDED TERRITORY TO EGYPT SUFFERED MENTAL ILLNESS: SOCIAL ANXIETY: SUICIDE

PERSIAN RULERSDARIUS THE GREATEMPIRE INTO PROVINCESDIRECTED SATRAPS (GOVERNORS)PUBLIC WORKS SYSTEMGOLD COINS “DARICS”

PERSIAN RELIGIONZOROASTRIANISM

ZOROASTER : PROPHET

AHURA MAZDA: DIVINE GOD

PERSIAN PUBLIC WORKS

PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE

PERSIAN BEHISTUN ROCK

imperishable stone of a 4,000-foot Iranian mountain, artisans of Darius the Great carved his vainglorious autobiography almost 2,500 years ago

DISCOVERED BY HENRY RAWLINSON IN 1835 - 1852

Two centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, the Babylonian Empire fell to nomadic raiders. New groups would rule over the Fertile Crescent in the future. However, the innovative ideas of the Sumerians and their descendants in the region would be adopted by the later peoples – including the Assyrians, the Persians, Phoenicians and the Hebrews (Jews).

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