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Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE – 200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas Olmec Maya Aztec Nazca Moche Inca Circa 1200 BCE – 1500 CE

Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE 200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

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What’s the rest of the story? Africa—did anybody live there? Were there any empires or kingdoms? What was going on in Europe? When did the age of knights, castles, and dragons begin? How did the spread of Christianity and Islam affect cultures and government power? What happened to China after the territories united under 1 leader in 3 rd century BCE? In what ways did earliest cultures change over time? In what ways did they remain the same? What new cultures emerged? Africa—did anybody live there? Were there any empires or kingdoms? What was going on in Europe? When did the age of knights, castles, and dragons begin? How did the spread of Christianity and Islam affect cultures and government power? What happened to China after the territories united under 1 leader in 3 rd century BCE? In what ways did earliest cultures change over time? In what ways did they remain the same? What new cultures emerged?

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Page 1: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Early Civilizations: A review

Circa 5000 BCE – 200 BCEAncient River Valley Civilizations

•Mesopotamia•Egypt•Indus•China

Ancient/early Civs of the Americas•Olmec•Maya•Aztec•Nazca•Moche•Inca

Circa 1200 BCE – 1500 CE

Page 2: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

A comparison: Early Civs of Asia and North Africa vs the Americas

• Bronze and Copper Age tools, weapons, and art• Advanced farming technology• Religion Polytheistic• Gov Theocracy, warlords, dictators• Writing: Egyptian hieroglyphics, Mesopotamia

cuneiform, Chinese characters, Indus system not yet decoded

• Trade, job specialization, social hierarchies• Egyptian Empire, Empires of Mesopotamia, and

Indus Valley all eventually taken over by other cultures and Empires BUT parts of their legacies live on in modern times

• Chinese civilization elements carried through China’s cultural history to today (Longest lived contiguous culture in the world?)

Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Circa 5000 BCE – 200 BCE

Ancient River Valley Civilizations• Variety of physical geographies: mountains (Inca) to

valley (Aztec, Olmec, Maya) to seashore (Nazca) to desert (Pueblo peoples, Anasazi, Zuni) to woodland plains (Cherokee, Oneida, Iroquois) to jungle (Amazon rainforest tribes)

• Pantheistic polytheism and theocracies• Human sacrifice • Pyramid builders and city planners• Astronomers• Farmers and artisans• Mayan written language• All cultures destroyed, oppressed, changed dramatically

by arrival of and conquest by Europeans in 1500s-1800s

Circa 1200 BCE – 1500 CE

Page 3: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

What’s the rest of the story?• Africa—did anybody live there? Were there any empires or kingdoms?• What was going on in Europe? When did the age of knights, castles, and dragons begin? • How did the spread of Christianity and Islam affect cultures and government power?• What happened to China after the territories united under 1 leader in 3rd century BCE?• In what ways did earliest cultures change over time? In what ways did they remain the same?• What new cultures emerged?

Page 4: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Africa: Separating the myths from the facts

MYTH…• Africa is a country• Africa is a single culture• Africans are all “black”• Africa is all jungle• Africans are all poor• All Africans live in hunter-gatherer tribes in villages• Africa is a backwards, primitive place without electricity or modern things• Africa had no advanced ancient civilizations other than Egypt

Page 5: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Africa IS…

Page 6: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Africa IS ALSO…

Page 7: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Fact 1: There are 53 independent African countries

Page 8: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Fact 2: Africa is made up of 1000s of culturally distinct ethnic groups (AKA tribes) who speak between 1500 and 2000 languages

Some tribes:•Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert•Zulu•Maasai•Pygmies of the forest•Mandinka•Nubians•Hutus•Tutsis•Dinka

Page 9: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Fact 3: There are variations in skin color (from dark to fair) as you travel around the continent

Page 10: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Fact 4: Africa has 8 different climate and vegetation zones including desert, mountain, plains, and tropical

Page 11: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

•Fact 5: Though African nations are less developed or developing economically, not all Africans are poor

Fact 6: The continent of Africa has many modern cities in which 38% of Africa’s 1 billion people live

Fact 7: In Africa, you can find almost all of the same modern technologies, lifestyles, and jobs as you can anywhere else in the world; there are just less of them

Page 12: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

• Prehistory• Ancient civilizations• Kingdoms and hunter-gatherer tribalism• Islam’s arrival• Imperialism and Christianity arrive• Post-colonial nationalism

African history can be simplified by looking at it in the following periods:

Culturally, Africa can be broken into 2 main regions:•North Africa (north of the Sahara Desert on coast of Mediterranean Sea)•Sub-Sahara (land south of the Sahara Desert including savana grasslands, tropical rainforest, coastal areas, and Kalahari Desert)

Page 13: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Prehistory: 200,000 years ago – circa 3,500 BCE

• Circa 200,000 years ago: Origin of human species in Central Eastern Africa?

• Migration across Africa of nomadic hunter gatherers• Some human migration out of Africa circa 120,000 years ago link• Circa 3,500 first African civilization develops in northern Africa on shores

of the Nile River

Page 14: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Period 2: Emergence of early civilizations in North Africa 3,500 BCE – 700 BCE

Egypt (circa 3500 BCE- 900 BCE): • Originally 2 kingdoms, united as 1 under rule of Pharaohs• Lasted approx 2,500 years until taken over by neighboring civilizations (Lybians, Nubians)Nubian kingdom of Kush (south of Egypt) 2000 BCE- 1000 BCE • Trade and cultural partner of Egypt• Kush king Piankhi takes over rule of Egypt in 751 BCE• Nubian culture highly influenced by Egypt• Archaeological evidence of separate writing system

Page 15: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

• Rest of Africa? – Probably tribal nomadic hunter-gatherers or tribal farming villages (lack of

ruins and archaeological evidence to indicate more sophisticated societies)– Monotheistic animist “pagan” religions– Animism: worship of nature spirits

Period 2 (continued): Emergence of early civilizations in North Africa 3,500 BCE – 700 BCE

Page 16: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Period 3 circa 500 BCE – 1600 CE: Post-Ancient and medieval Kingdoms, cities, and hunter-gatherer tribalism

• Iron Age– City of Djenne-Djeno (Ancient Mali) Niger River in

western Africa (circa 250 BCE – 1200 CE)—trade center

13th c Mosque

– Kingdoms of Ghana and Mali (circa 750 CE -1056 CE;1200 CE- 1400s CE )

• wealthy through export of gold, ivory, salt • Taken over by Kingdom of Mali• Trans-Sahara trade route caravans of camels• No written language• Pagan but influenced by Muslims

Page 17: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

• Kingdom of Aksum (modern day Ethiopia) circa 1 CE- 600s CE• High mountainous plateau, Red Sea port, Nile River to west• Ruler of Aksum called negusa nagast (king of kings)• Ruins indicate no fortification• Trade center connecting Egypt and Roman Empire and Persian Empire

– Gold, ivory, turtle shells, rhion horns, spices, monkeys, slaves…– One of few ancient “states” to make own currency

• Stone engravers “stela” statues• Monotheistic and animistic: 1 supreme creator Mahrem but also worship nature spirits

and dead ancestors• In mid-4th century, king of Aksum converts to Christianity• Written language “Geez” brought in by Arabs?• Terrace farming• Muslim conquest changes Ethiopia

Period 3 circa 500 BCE – 1600 CE (continued): post-Ancient and Medieval Kingdoms, cities, and hunter-gatherer tribalism

Page 18: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

• Great Zimbabwe Kingdom of southern Africa

• Island of Kilwa – trading empire in middle Ages

• Songhai Empire (later empire in region of Mali and Ghana Kingdoms)

Period 3 circa 500 BCE – 1600 CE (continued): post-Ancient and Medieval Kingdoms, cities, and hunter-gatherer

tribalism

Page 19: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Period 4: Arrival of Islam (circa 650 CE) A little background knowledge…• Muhammad dies 632 CE; series of successors (caliphs) take

over head of Islamic faith• Each caliph tries to expand Islam through “jihad”—struggle

against non-believers• Why conquest? Control of Mediterranean and Silk Road

trade routes; true devotees of Muhammad want to spread faith; power struggle between Shia and Sunni (2 sects within the Muslim faith) caliphs Stages of Muslim conquests

RED Expansion under Mohammad, 622-632 PEACH Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661 YELLOW Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750

Page 20: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Period 4: Arrival and spread of Islam (circa 650 CE- present)

Islam influences: government/law, language (Arabic is official language of the religion), customs, practice of other religions…

Page 21: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Imperialism and Colonialism Imperialism: the policy or act of one country trying to gain control over other

countries in order to change the government type or control economics

Colonialism: the act of taking over other countries in order to use the cheap labor and get the resources

Page 22: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Africa: Age of European Imperialism and Colonialism

WHY? Control of resources, labor, build empire’s wealth“White man’s burden” to civilize the primitive

Page 23: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

History of Imperialism/colonialism British empire covered 25% of all earth’s inhabited territory: Brit’s needed

resources!

Page 24: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Spain Colonized parts of the world, too…

Converting people to Catholic church and taking resources at gunpoint

Page 25: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

After WWII (1945) this is how the world was carved up…

Page 26: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Watch the colonization of the world over time…http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/

8/89/Colonisation2.gif

Page 27: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

How do countries become independent?

Violent Revolution (American Revolution)

Movement/protest for independence (Ghandi in India)

Eventually independence is given by “mother” country

Page 28: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

What are the benefits of imperialism/colonialism? Mother country gets cheap resources and labor

Mother country creates a country that is dependent upon it for trade

Strategic value: Mother country gets security outposts for navy, army bases and controls valuable trade ports and routes

Page 29: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

What are the legacies of colonialism once mother country is no longer ruling?

Racism: small European class remains in power and wealth positions

Power Vacuum leads to dictators, power struggles, and government corruption

Ethnic groups fight over artificially imposed borders and resource claims

Nationalism: People want to run their own countries

Page 30: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

What are the legacies of colonialism once mother country is no longer ruling?

Native population often left uneducated and low skills

Hunger, poor sanitation, notenough money to deal withsocial needs

Page 31: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Effects of Nationalism

Nationalism can be good--think patriotism, love of country and culture

often, nationalism leads to blindly following a leader at expense of other peoples and countriesBUTNationalism can lead to civil wars and genocides

Page 32: Early Civilizations: A review Circa 5000 BCE  200 BCE Ancient River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Ancient/early Civs of the Americas

Of course we can’t leave out the slave trade…