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lNTERNAT】ONALASSOCIAT10NOFMAR)TIMEUNIVERS7TIES
PROCEEDrNGSOFJNAUGURALGENERALASSEMBLY
26・29JUNE2000,lSTANBUL,TURKEY
ACADEMICEDUCATIONFORMARINEENGINEERING
ATADVANCEDMARITIMEUNIVERSITIES
T.Nakazawa
KobeUniversltyOfMerchantileMarine,JAPAN
Abstract
AbasicconceptofmarineenglneerSisthat
‘‘marine englneerS have to be able to make
judgements at the time ofincidentsin the
englne rOOm With providing logiCal
explanationstoJuStifytheirchoices”.Byuslng
lhebasicconcept,therelationshipbelWeenthe
Jevelofeducation fbrmarine englneerlng at
advanced maritirne universities/facullies and
thelevelofminimumrequlrementSaCCreditedwith the revised STCW95is discussed.
Consideration toimprove education and
research for marine englneerlngln the near
futureisintroducedinthispaper.TheauthorWOuld alsolike【O PrOPOSe,ftom this
COmparative study,What the education and
research fbr marine englneerlng at advanced
maritimeuniversitiesshouldbe.
1.1ntroduction
According to the Webster’s English
Dictionary(1),Hmarineenglneerlngisdefinedas
a branch of englneerlng that dealswith the
COnStruCtionandoperationofthepowerplant
and othermechanicalequlpmentOfseagolngCra仇,docks,and harborinstallations”.Thus,
marineenglneerlnglSnOtaSimplediscipline
anditsstruCtureis anintegratedenglneerlng
associated with mechanical,Civi1,electrical,
Chemicalenglneerlng,etC.
On the olher hand,the main o切ective of
englneerJnglS,generallyspeaking,tOfindthe
〟〟U血♂〟騨J・dJGg〃emJJg∫抑占ケ
20
OPtlmum SOlution of practical problems by
applying scientific knowledgc and
mathematicalanalysis.ThemajorfullCtionsol、
englneerlngCOnSistofResearch,Dcvelopment,
Design,Construction,Production,OperaLion
andManagement.Inaddition,englneerlnghas
toshowthereasonwhythesolulionisthebest,
FromthestandpointlhatrnarineenglneerlnglS
a branch of englneerlng,itis reasonable10
SuppOrt that these englneerlng funcLions can
alsobeappliedtOmarineenglneerlng・
Marine englneerS On board ship,Who arc
definedas‘‘EngineerOfficers”in Regulatioll
ul of STCW convention,arC basically
responsiblefbrsafbandefficientopcrationas
Well as operation complying with
enviTOnmとntal prolection.Their lasks,
therefore,arein awide range varylng from
WaLchkeeplng tO management Of boLh
machineryandcrewsoftheenginedepartmentOntheship.Additionally,theimr)Ortantnature
Ofmarine englneerSis that marine englneCrS
makejudgements at the time ofaccidents or
incidentsintheenglnerOOmandtoprovidcthc
logiCalexplanations to justify their choices・Thesedefinitionswillbeuseful10COnSiderthe
OPtimum solution of marine englneerlng
education at advanced maritime
universities/faculties.
ぶe∫fo〝Jβ一件br抽g(;用岬j
ヱ・LeYelofEngineerlngEducation
2・l Engineerlngknowledge and academiCprOgramS
Befbre considering thelevel of marine
englneerlng education at advanced maritime
universities/fhculties,it will be useful to
discuss thelevel of englneerlng knowledge
uslngaCertain example・Lelussuppose that
thereisanenglneerlnglaworprlnCiplewhich
StudenlsofthemarineenglneerlngCOUrSeWill
be taught,SuCh as the 鮎stlaw ofthermodynamics or the Kirchhoff’s current
law・Thelevelofenglneerlngknowledgecan
beclassifiedintofburcategoriesasfbllows;
El:ToknowtheprlnCiple
E2:Tounderstandthepnnciple
E3:ToapplytheprlnCiple
E4‥TofindanewprlnCiple
The knowledge on El means that【he
Sludents know only the name of the
englneerlngprlnCiple.lncontrast,thestudents
OnE2andE3canexplaintheprlnCipletotheir
Juniors since they understand the prlnCiple,
andsomeofthemcanapplytheprlnCipleto
SOIve their problems.Consequently,the
boundarybetweenE2andE3isnotsoclear.
ThestudentsonE4maybeabletofindanew
PrlnCiplebyuslngtheiradvancedenglneerlng
knowledge.Therefbre,a man On E4may be
Called as a researcher rather than a student
SirlCelhe man can seek an englneerlng
PrOblemthathehastosoIve.
On the other hand,aCademic programs of
englneerlr)gSChooIscanalsobeclassifiedinto
fburcategoriesasfbllows;
Al:HighschooIA2:BSc
A3:MSc
A4:PhD
ltisdifficulttodefinethelocationsofthese
boundaries between the above categories
because thelevel・Ofthe academic programs
JJ〟U/〟の唱〟用/G印だ相川∫∫gm的′
21
basicallydependson thepolicyofaschooLTheboundariesbetweentheseeategorieswill
beillustratedin afigureaftercombiningthe
levelofenglneerOfficers・
2.20perationalandManagementLeYels
Marilime universities and technical
institutions related to rnaritime affairs
normally have a marine eng】neerlng COurSe,
which one ofthe purposesis to obtain thc
englneer Officers’license fbr oceangolng
vessels.Therefbre,their academic programshave tObe reflectedin the revised STCW’95.
TograspwhatkindofenglneerOfricers thc
STCW,95really requlreS,WOrds usedin the
Standardofcompetencetables,AvlII/lalldA-
ⅠIU2(2),areCheckedindetails.ThisqultCeaSy
analylic work will glVe uS aPPrOpriatc
SuggeStions・
First,VerbsusedwithhighfrequencyinthcColumnl(Competence)are picked up andlistedinTablel fbrbothA-Ill/1and A-Ili/2.
Secondly,WOrdsusedwithhighfrequencylntheColumn2(Knowledge,understandingand
PrOficiency)areshowninFiguresland2as
barchartswith丘equencyintheperccntageoltotalnumberofthewords.
TbblelTbpthree・rankimgverbsinColumnloftablesA・ⅠIl/1andA-ⅠIl/2
RankingOperational M all三唱emenl
level level
(A-1ⅠⅣ1) (A-111/2) -
1 Use M omitor
2 Operate ColltrOl T
3 M aintain M ainlain
Astheresultsffomthiswork,thebLlowlngfactsareobtained,namely,COmPetenCefbrthc
OPerationallevelistoUse,tOOperatcand10
Maintainsomething,mOreOVer,theknowledge
OfensurlngthecompetenCeareCOnCernedwith
Systern,Equipment,Operation,Safe,elc・In
COntraSt,COmpetenCefbr【hemanagementlevel
is to Monitor,tO Control and to Maintain
SOmething,While the knowledgeofensurlng
gg∫∫fo′りβ-Ⅳ(〃・晶7gGrrJ叩j
thecompetenceareconcemqdwithOperation,bw/Convenlioq Mainlenance, System,
Theory,etC・What needs to be emphasizedffom the resultsis that the knowledge with
theoreticalbackground may not always be
needed fbr the englneer OmCerS On the
Operationallevel.
Apart ffom the minimum standard of
COmpetenCein STCW’95,1et usconsiderthe
knowledgerequiredfbrthemarineenglneerS
Who can make judgementS wi(hloglCal
explanation.It may be acceptable that the
knowledgeofgivinglogicalexplanationforaCertainenglneenngincidentisnotsoeasyand
thelevelshouldbeoverthelevelofHtoknow
ⅥpLOきh中城
SySlem
Equipment
Operalion
Safe
mnsけUClioII
Machinery
Characterislics
theprlnCiple”・
Tbereisanopm10mtbatamarineenglneer
doesnotalwaysneedtheoreticalknowledgeif
hehasadequateexperience・Butifhemeetsan
incident,Whichhehasnotexperiencedsofar,
andhehasnotheoreticalknowledgeregarding
theincident,thenhewillbeinapanic.This
maybeanacceptablestoryregardingtheway
toHumanError.Theauthor,therefbre,WOuld
liketopolntOutthattheeducationfbrenglneerofficers at maritime universities has to be
higher than the minimum standard of
COmpetenCeiTI STCW,95・The relationshipamong englneerlng knowledge,aCademic
PrOgramS and eJlglneer Ofncers,levelis
COnCeptuallyillustratedinFig・3・
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequencyim%
Fig.lKeywordsseIectedn・OmCoIumn20ftableA-ⅠIl/1(Operationallevel)
明p旨已遥
Operalion
bw/Conv.
Mainlenancモ
Syslem
Th¢Ory
Sare
I l駁篭欝鯉城野鳥嶺随蒸賓㍗㌫違憲異数茫洋丹膠難敵基 ■・ ■ ・
-■′ tl
l
1
i
】
一拍悪評節義叢㍑奴盛観攫払嵐霧藍鵡持::二:ここや」■牒莞璧撃違憲
ま 染姐染鵬 鮒享噂滞勤班適券葛紅諭燕戯議題芸
きざ謬幕僚謂薄雲衝撃瓢汐、弦‡こ.禁濃登鰐淀禁:三∴ミニや=予篭渕
慧挽磁還舘■憲整謂㌫蓋三二て:違I
むさ蓬告ぎ霊俸給競芸・㌘髄轟愚無=キヨ
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FrtquenCyin%
Fig.2Keywordsselected打OmColumn20rtableA・ⅠII/2(Managetnentlevel)
22
〟〟Uh仙g打用/Ge朋相川∫脚ナJ的′ 助JJ0〃Jβ一肌′血gGro岬J
3.Dilemmas
FromLhediscussioninthepreviouschapter,
a dilemmais comlng UP aS anOther subject.The dilemma results h・Om the difference
belween thcl¢Velof acadcmic programs at
maritime u!liversities arld theleVel fbr
englneerOfricers・ltisqulleobvious Lhat the
graduate courses at maritime universities are
notaIwaysneededifthetargetoftheacademicPrOgramSis only fbr obtaining the englneer
OEficers,certificates・BecauseenglneerOfficers
accreditedwithSTCW’95,inparticularonthe
Operationallevel,need the experience to
Operate maChinery on board ship rather than
theknowledgewith【hetheoreticalbackground.
Moreover,Shipowners’dernand for a young
englneer Officeris to be just a110PCratOr
accredited with STCW,95 0f which
requlrementS are fbr the operationallevelLTherefbre,thedilemmais,inotherwords,fbl‘
rrIafitime 脚iv6rSitieS having t如 Fmarine
englneering COurSe.The Sel占ctionlhal伽maritime universities havc to determincis
Whethertobeanadvancedmaritimeuniverslly
havingthemasteranddoctoralcoursesortobe
a traditional maritime tfalnlng SCh()Olt
Needlesstosay,lhedecisionfbrthisselection
mustbethewaytobeanadvancedmarilimc
university・However,thisdecisionwilllcadlo
theseconddilemma.
Engineeri叩K掴Wled酢 Academicprogram EmgineerOm cer
Tb伽d am帥■pr叩Ciple・
PhD
itl
l
ll
l!llllliltll事lI室M anagem enf
. h Yel
(Doc10rCO眈噂
M Sc
Toapply theprlnCiple (M astercourse)
BSc(U ndergraduate
M amagem entb vel
(STCW ,,5)
1㌦ 。erati。。a.
‡ Level
l
Toumderstand仙eprlmCiple COurSe)
O peratiomalL£Yel
(STCW ,95)To know■a prlmCiple HighSchool(pre-UmiYerSity)
Fig・3ReIationamongEngimeeringKnowIedge,AcademicProgramsandEngineeromcers
23
JJ掴U/〝釦g肌′/Ge〝er‘J/力∫飢”叫′ gg∫∫わ〃Jβ一肌JJ有明GJ・の岬j
Theseconddilemmaisforacademicstaffof
the marine englneerlngCOurSe at a maritime
university.AsacademiCstaffatan advancedmaritimeuniversityhavingthegraduatecourse,
theabilitytoundertakeresearchactivitiesand
theoutcomeshasstronglybeenneededfbrtheStaffin charge ofthe department ofmarine
englneerlng.As Shownin Fig・4,marineenglneerlngis anintegrated englneerlng
associatedwith mechanical,Civil,electriCal,
Chemical englneerlng,etC.1n other words,
marine englneerlng Can be expressed as
interdisciplinary study.Consequently,OnCe
young academic staffin the department of
marine englneerlng StartS Studying marine
englneerlngwithgreatefEbrt,thedirectionofhis or her research activitylS gOlng tO the
COreS Ofother englneerlng aS Shown by the
arrowsin Fig・4because of the nature of
research activities.Therefbre,after several
years,heorshewillbenolongeranexpertof
marine englneerlng but an expert of other
englneerlng.Thisis difnculty fbr academiCStaffat advanced maritime universities to be
anexpertofmarineenglneerlng・
4.ThesolutionS
Them再Orfunctionsofmarineenglneerlng
are Research, Development, Design,
ConstruCtion,Production,Operation and
Management,aSdiscussedintheintroduction
Ofthis paper.However,the roles of englne
Officers on board ship are mainly Operation
andManagement,Whichareactuallyonlytwo
Ofthemajorfunctionsofmarineenglneerlng.
Theimportantpointwhich academicstaffin
Charge of marine englneerlng at advanced
maritimeuniversitieshavetonoticeisthatthe
functionsofmarineenglneerlngaSadiscipline
and therolesofenglneerOfncersarenotthe
Same,namelythefbrmerismuchgreaterthanthelatter.
According to the ability as a qualified
englneCrOfncer,Whichistomakejudgement
withlogical explanation,thelevel ofenglneerlng knowledge should be on the
〟〟レ血叫卯mJGe〃erd川∫Jの”叫′
24
undergraduatelevelorbeyond,eVen forthe
operationalleveLItisobviousthatacademiCprograms fbr undergraduates at advanced
maritimeuniversitiesshouldbekeptonhighstandardwithoutbeingdeludedbyminimumrequlrementS・
Fig・4Theconceptormarineenglne併…gaS
aninterdisciplinarystudy
Withoutdoubt,themaintargetofthemarine
englneerlng PrOgramS at advanced maritime
universitieswillbetoeducatethestudentsfbr
the marine englneer Who can contribute the
developmentofmaritimeindustry・Thus,the
departmentofmarineenglneerlngatadvanced
maritime universities should provide the
superintendent englneerS(3)to maritime
industry,Who have adequate experience and
theoreticalknowledgeofbolhenglneerlngand
management・
Ashr as theresearch activities fbrmarine
englneerlng are COnCernedI the marjne
englneerlng Staff at advanced maritime
universitiesshouldhaveatleasttwotypesof
researchprqjects.Thefirstoneisofdealing
withsomewhatspecializedtopics,SOthalthe
StaだcangototheooreSOfotherengln6erlng・
Thesecondoneisthejointresearchofwhich
the members are not only n・Om englneenng,
butalSo ffom otherdisciplines such aslaw,
ge∫∫わ〝Jβ一押b′点間Gr0岬J
economics and sociology.The aspeCtOfthis
SOrt Ofjoint research really shows the same
StruCture Of marifle engmeerlng aS an
interdisciplinarystudy.
5.Condusion
Asacademic staff fbr marine englneerlngeducation at advanced maritime
universilies/faculties,We Should note that
educationfbrmarineenglneerSisonlyapart
Of marine englneerlng.Therefore,the
academic program fbr the department of
marineenglneerlngShouldcontainnotonlythe
educationfbroperation,butalsotheeducation
for research, development,
COnStruCtionandproductionrelatedto
epglneerlng・The education programs
Superintendent englneerS,Which
marilimeindustry reallY needs,may
most appropriate program fbr the
design,
marlne
br the
recent
be tbe
master
COurSe at advanced maritime
universities/faculties.
The research activities for marine
englneerlngShould beinterdisciplinary study
accordirlg tO the structure of marine
englneerlng.Joint study together withresearchers from several disciplines may be
themostappropriateresearch10Picsfbrmarine
englneerlng・
Re鮎remces
(1)Webster’s Third New lnternational
Dictionary,Encyclopedia Britanrlica,Inc■,
1985.
(2)STCW1978 as amendedin1995,
1nternationalMaritimeOrganization,1996・
(3)Harrold,A.F.,“TheExecutiveRoleforthe
Marine Engineer”,TransIMarE,Vol,100,
pp,1-4,1988.
〟ルfUJW喝打rd■JGgJJg用7月∫∫e朋的′
25
ふヲ∫扇bJ7Jβ-1侮rた血g(フr(,岬j
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