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WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH
Site Assessment Strategies: Basisfor successful Wind Park Projects
Eric Effern, WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH
German Renewable Energy Day
Global Windpower 2006, Adelaid, 19.09.2006
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1. Overview of technically influencing Factors
SuccessfulWind Park
WindPotential
WindTurbine
ParkDesign
Grid
Connection
Environmental
Impact,Acceptance
NoiseEmission
ShadowCastTechnical
Start ofOperation
Service &Maintenance
TechnicalInspection
ParkOptimization
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2.1 Wind Potential: Objectives
General Characteristics
Windspeed as Annual Average
Turbulence Intensity
In several heights, e.g 30m, 50m hubheight
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2.1 Wind Potential: Objectives
Weibull Distribution
Wind Speed
RelativeF
requency
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2.1 Wind Potential: Objectives
Wind Energy Rose
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2.1 Wind Potential: Objectives
Wind Profile
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
Calculation
Site Inspection Digital Model of Orography, Roughness
Minimum 10 km Radius, usually much more
Long Term correlated macroscopic Wind Data
+ Fast, low priced (< 5.000$)
- Uncertainties (5%..15%), especially in complex terrain, 2DModel
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
Simulation
Site Inspection Digital Model of Orography, Roughness
Minimum 10 km Radius, usually much more
Long Term correlated macroscopic Wind Data
+ Fast, medium priced (5.000$ - 10.000$), 3D Model
+ High Resolution- Uncertainties (5%..10%), but better that calculation
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
Measurement by Mast
Erection of Mast Sensors for Speed, Direction
Sensors for Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, Rain
All in several height steps (2-4) Only with twice calibrated, high Quality Sensors (500$ - 2000$)
+ Accuracy (
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
Mast Example
Height: 100 m
Sensors:
wind speed
wind directionair pressureair temperaturerain status
Steps: 3
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
Measurement by SODAR
Installation of SODAR Measurement of Speed, Direction
Measurement of Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, Rain
All in several heights (10m-200m)
+ Accuracy (
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2.2 Wind Potential: Procedures
SODAR
Principle offunction
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2.2 Wind Potential: Strategy
Calculation and Simulation for first Survey
Few Measurements in Hubheight with Masts, 1 Year Few Measurements up to Tip Height with Sodar, 1 Year
Several Measurements in low height, 1 YearCombined with moving SODAR Systems, 2 months
Costs
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Technical Data
Rated power: Standard 2 MW, prototypes up to 6 MW
Rotor diameter: standard 90 m, prototypes up to 120 m
Hub height: 80 m -120 m
Weight: 100 t -200 t nacelle + rotor, 250 t tower
Cost: Around 1 000 per installed kW
Parks with up to 100 WEC and 200 MW total P
3. Turbine Technology: State of the Art
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4. Grid Integration
Overwiev
Goals of Grid Managment:
Quality, Security, Cost Efficiency
Demand of electrical power varies over daytime and
over the year
Traditional Method:
base load, reserve system (hour, minute, second)
Renewable energy supply varies over daytime, overthe year and regional
Grid and Park Managment more sophisticated
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Day time
4.1 Power consumption over DayTime
powercon
sumption[
%]
Day Time
Base load
Peak load
Middle load
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4.1 Wind Power and PowerConsumption
Wind power
power consumption
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4.3 Grid Integration - Grid Codes
All large grid providers have launched grid connectionrules for wind parks on high voltage grids (>= 110 kV)
Grid codes for medium voltage grids will follow
Wind turbine behaviour in case of grid faults: Turbineshave to stay on the grid at distant short circuits,supporting the grid voltage
Wind turbines might have to provide or consume
reactive power, depending on the request of the gridprovider
Wind turbines might have to limit their output power incase of grid problems, depending on the request of the
grid provider Modern wind turbines fulfil the demands and are tested
and certified according to them
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5.1 Technical Inspection - Basics
Regular inspection of the turbines (after erection andevery 2 to 4 years)
According to the Germanischer Lloyd (GL) andrespectively the BWE guidelines (BWE is the Germanfederation of WEC operators, manufacturers etc.)
All safety and durability relevant components are
checked
Visual tests, functional tests, moment of torque (screwconnections), oil probation, document check
Benefit: Increase of Availability
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5.2 Technical inspection - Examples
Transformer station
Ladder
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5.2. Technical inspection - Examples
Gearbox
Cables
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5.2. Technical inspection - Examples
Structure
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5.2. Technical inspection - Examples
Bolts, fracture analysis
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5.2 Technical inspection - Examples
Blades
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5.3 Technical inspection - Vibration
analysis
Vibration analysis gives extra information about wear or
upcoming damages of the drive train Identification of damaged component possible
Avoiding secondary damages, e. g. whole gearbox
Optimised service and repair planning possible withminimum downtime of the turbine
One week downtime for 1.5 MW turbine means up to10000 $
Insurance might ask for regular inspections and vibrationanalysis, or otherwise the insurance contributions rises
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5.4 Technical Inspection - Specials
Thermography, endoscopy, lightning protection test, and
other special techniques
End of guarantee period: condition analysis of the turbine(drive train) costs 1000$ - 4000$. An exchange of thegearbox costs around 200,000 $. The tests might decide,
whether the operator has to pay for it or themanufacturer!
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5.4 Technical inspection - Thermography
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6. Park Optimization
Possible Reasons forunderperforming Parks
Site
Bad Site
Bad Wind Year
Inaccurate Site Assessment
Turbines
Qualified Turbine for this site
Operational Availability
Turbine Settings
Power Curve
Grid
Availability
Interferences
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Any Questions ?
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