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8/2/2019 8 Body Organization
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Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Allrights reserved.
CHAPTER 8
BODY ORGANIZATION
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Anatomy and Physiology
Four basic properties of life
Reception is the ability of the organism to control
its actions and respond to changes in theenvironment
Metabolism is the process of taking in and usingnutrients to produce energy and growth
Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspringto continue the species
Organization involves how the organism is dividedinto distinct parts to perform these functions
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Anatomy
Body structures are organized on five levels
Cells are the smallest unit of life
Tissues are combinations of similar cells Organs are collections of tissues working together
to perform a function
A body system consists of organs that work
together to provide a major body function An organism is the being that results when the
body systems work together to maintain life
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Figure 8-1 Cell Structure
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Tissue Types
Epithelial tissue
Covers the body, forms glands, and lines
the surfaces of cavities and organs
Connective tissue
Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue
such as fat and blood cells and hard tissuessuch as bones, ligaments, and cartilage
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Tissue Types (continued)
Muscle tissue
Made of protein fibers, has the unique
property of shortening to producemovement
Nervous tissue
Composed largely of specialized cells calledneurons
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Body Systems
Integumentary system covers the body andprotects other body systems
Cardiovascular system transports oxygen andnutrients to all body parts and removes wasteproducts
Circulatory system includes the blood and
lymph that move throughout the body Respiratory system exchanges gases
between the air and blood
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Body Systems (continued)
Muscular system allows the body to moveand controls movements within the body
Skeletal system provides body support andprotection
Digestive system processes food andeliminates food waste
Urinary system filters the blood and removesliquid wastes
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Body Systems (continued)
Endocrine system coordinates body cavitiesthrough hormones
Nervous system regulates the environmentand directs the activities of other bodysystems
Sensory system perceives the environment
and sends messages to and from the brain Reproductive system provides for human
reproduction
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Figure 8-4 Body Planes
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Figure 8-5 Body Cavities
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Figure 8-6 Body Regions
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Cell Function
Cell reproduction
Mitosis is the process by which a cell
divides to reproduce, creating an identicalreplica with the same chromosomes
Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of geneticinformation that determines thecharacteristics of an individual person
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Cell Formation Diseases Genetic disorders
Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause
many disorders
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
that tend to spread (metastasize) andinvade the tissue around them
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Issues and Innovations
Genetic engineering Chorionic villus sampling
Preimplantation diagnosis Gene splicing
Cancer treatments
Immunotherapy Lasers
Hyperthermia
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