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Organization Of The Human Body. Maintaining Homeostasis. Tortora Page: 2. Definition of Anatomy & Physiology. Anatomy Structures Relationship of structures. Tortora Page: 2. Definition of Anatomy & Physiology. Physiology Function of structures. First “Real” Anatomist. William Harvey - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Organization Of The Human
BodyMaintaining Homeostasis
Definition of Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy–Structures–Relationship
of structures
Tortora
Page: 2
Definition of Anatomy & Physiology
• Physiology–Function of
structures
Tortora
Page: 2
• William Harvey– 1578 - 1657– First to observe
heart and circulation.
– First to notice differences between warm and cold blooded animals.
William Harvey
First “Real”
Anatomist
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organ• Organ system• Organism
Tortora
Page: 2
Integration of Body Systems
• 10 organ systems• Integrated• Strength of systems.
– Specialization therefore efficiency• Weakness of systems.
– interdependence
Tortora
Page: 2-4
Unifying Processes of
Life• Metabolism
– Catabolism Vs Anabolism• Responsiveness• Movement• Growth
– # of cells, cell size, space around cells.
• Differentiation• Reproduction
– Cells– Organism
Tortora
Page: 5
Maintaining An Internal
Balance• Homeostasis• Range of
tolerance.• Optimal
conditions
Tortora
Page: 5-7
Role of Stress & Homeostasis
• Homeostasis.– Maintaining an
internal balance.
• Role of stress.– Environmental
factor that could alter the balance.
Tortora
Page: 5-7
Homeostasis and Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is force behind blood as it flows through arteries.
• Systolic Vs Diastolic pressure
• Increase heart rate and stroke volume increase BP.
Tortora
Page: 5-7
Homeostasis and Blood Pressure
• Pressure sensitive nerves in arteries sense higher BP.
• Nerves send signal to brain.
• Brain sends signals to slow heart rate.
Tortora
Page: 5-7
Feedback Systems
• Feedback systems are either negative or positive.– Negative feedback systems correct
deviations due to stress.– Positive accentuate the action.– Most feedback systems in the human body
are negative.– Positive feedback mechanisms are regulated
by negative feedback loops.
Tortora
Page: 6
Regulation of Glucose Levels
• The glucose roller coaster:– Low levels after
sleep.– High levels after 3
donuts and hot chocolate for breakfast!
– Low levels by lunch.
– High levels after lunch of hershey candy and pepsi !
– Low levels by 2:00 Page 327 Tortora
Regulation of Glucose Levels
• Excess glucose:
• Insulin is secreted by islets of Langerhans (beta cells) in pancreas.
– Absorbed by liver cells which converts glucose to glycogen. (polysaccharide)
– Causes cells to take in glucose
Page 327 Tortora
Regulation of Glucose Levels
• When blood glucose levels are low:
– Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in pancreas
– Glycogen is broken down into glucose and released into blood.
– Glucose levels surrounding the cells stays fairly even through out the day.
Page 327 Tortora
Basic Anatomical
Position1. Individual is standing
upright.2. Arms placed at sides of
the body.3. Palms facing forward.4. Feet flat on floor, toes
forward.
Tortora
Page: 7-15
Directional Terms
• Used to locate various body structures in relationship to each other.– Superior Vs Inferior (Cranial Vs Caudal)– Anterior Vs Posterior ((Ventral Vs Dorsal)– Medial Vs Lateral– Intermediate– Proximal Vs Distal– Superficial Vs Deep Taken from
Exibit 1.2
Tortora
Page: 2
Planes & Sections
• Imaginary flat surfaces through the body.–Sagittal plane
• Midsagittal• Parasagital
–Frontal plane–Transverse
Tortora
Page: 7-15
Body Cavities
• Spaces within the body that contain organs.
• Ventral body cavity– Thoracic (heart& lungs)
• Pericaridal cavity• Pleural cavity
– Abdominal (digestive, liver, reproductive)• Lining of cavity is called the peritoneum
Tortora
Page: 7-15
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity– Cranial cavity
• Brain– Spinal cavity
• Spinal cord
Tortora
Page: 7-15
