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©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The 1930s
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
CHAPTER 22 Hardship and Hope in the 1930s: The Great
Depression
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“…not the working classes that brought on the economic crisis, it was the big boys that thought the financial drunk was going to last forever, and overbought, overmerged, and overcapitalized.”
Will Rogers, 1934
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1930 6 million unemployed Americans
1931 Scottsboro Boys case taken up by International Labor Defense
1932 Franklin Roosevelt wins Presidency
Reconstruction Finance Corporation infuses economic institutions
1933 13 million unemployed Americans
Civil Works Administration established
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Civilian Conservation Corps
1934 Indian Reorganization Act
Old Age Revolving Pensions, Limited
1935 Social Security Act
Huey P. Long fatally shot
Works Progress Administration
Federal Art Project
Federal Theatre Project
The Wagner Act
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)
1936 Strikes against General Motors
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
HARDSHIP AND HOPE Overview
The Great DepressionPresidential Responses to the
DepressionThe New DealA New Political Culture
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Causes of the Crisis“We Are Not Bums”Surviving Hard TimesThe Dust Bowl
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Causes of the Crisis
No safety net for the unemployedLimited competition among corporations and
small businesses failingNo savings, and great debtInternationally, exports fall, and foreign nations
unable to repay debtsExcessive profits and unequal distribution of
wealthFederal Reserve policies
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“We Are Not Bums”
1930: 6 million Americans were unemployed. By 1933, 13 million Americans were unemployed
Changing gender rolesFamilies provide safety net
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Surviving Hard Times
200,000 young men “riding the rails”: hobosScottsboro Boys trial1933: over 5% of farms were foreclosed onAfrican-American workers face fiercer
discrimination in small job marketMexican Americans depended on children’s
wagesWork in canneriesDeportation of 500,000 Mexicans from 1931 to 1934
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Dust Bowl
Drought in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico (the Dust Bowl)
April 14, 1935: blown dust turned the skies black and killed livestockMigration away from the Dust BowlDorothea Lange, Woody Guthrie, John Steinbeck
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
PRESIDENTIAL RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION
Herbert Hoover: Tackling the CrisisFranklin Delano Roosevelt: The
Pragmatist“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Herbert Hoover: Tackling the Crisis
Emergency Committee for EmploymentNational Credit CorporationReconstruction Finance CorporationPublic works program
Hoover DamMorris Muscle Shoals Bill (dam for Tennessee
River)
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist
Old family with wealth, attended Harvard, and Columbia University law school
Admirer of cousin Theodore RooseveltMarried to Theodore’s niece, EleanorNew York State Senator Assistant Secretary of the NavyVictim of polio: resulted in March of Dimes
founding
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”
March 4, 1932 inaugural address: “Nothing to fear but fear itself”
Fireside chatsStrengthening of federal governmentFriend to the immigrant communities
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE NEW DEAL
The First Hundred DaysMonumental Projects Transforming the
LandscapeProtest and Pressure from the Left and the
RightEleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First LadyThe Second New DealFDR’s Second Term
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The First Hundred Days
Prohibition repealed Securities and Exchange Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Civil Works Administration Federal Emergency Relief Act Civilian Conservation Corp National Recovery Administration National Labor Board Tennessee Valley Authority Indian Reorganization Act
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Areas Served by the Tennessee Valley Authority
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Monumental Projects Transforming the Landscape
1930s: skyscrapers, bridges, dams, and monuments built—symbolized human and technological triumph in the midst of hardship
Electricity and irrigation provided to the arid West —Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam
The Golden Gate BridgeConstruction began on Empire State Building, and
Rockefeller CenterMount Rushmore
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right
Francis Townsend and the Old Age Revolving Pensions, LimitedSocial Security Act of 1935
Charles E. CoughlinRadio show: The Golden House of the Little Flower,
denounces New Deal as Communism, admirer of Hitler and Mussolini
Huey P. LongU.S. Senator, Roosevelt critic, populist
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Eleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First Lady
Sad childhood, but education abroad helped her to develop strength and confidence
Married FDR, six childrenAntilynching billMarian Anderson and the DARUnited Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights in 19481962: President’s Commission on the Status of Women
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Second New Deal
The Social Security program: unemployment insurance and relief for the needy
The Works Progress AdministrationFederal Art ProjectFederal Theatre Project
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
FDR’s Second Term
FDR won overwhelmingly second term (Electoral vote: 523 to 8)
Supreme Court proposal defeatedFDR proposed appointing one new justice for
every one on the court who had at least 10 years of service and who did not retire within six months after turning 70
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE
The Labor MovementThe New Deal CoalitionA New Americanism
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Labor Movement
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) as part of the American Federation of Labor John L. Lewis and Sidney Hillman
Sit-down strikes—began in Akron OhioGeneral Motors strikes
Several cities, violence broke out but governor of Michigan and President Roosevelt refused to send in National Guard..
Women participated in strikes as well as men
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The New Deal Coalition
Northern African Americans switch to the Democratic Party
Executive Order 7046 bans discrimination in WPA
Latinos and the El Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Español
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
A New Americanism
A new diverse, inclusive countryArts reflect common manMovies challenged gender and class hierarchiesSports diversified: DiMaggio, Joe Louis,Women heroines: Earhart, Helen Wills, Babe
Didriskon
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