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1937-1945

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 23 Global Conflict:

World War II

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“…a day that will live in infamy.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941

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TIMELINE

1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces

December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay

1938 March: Hitler annexes Austria

September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland

September: the Munich Accords

1939 March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland

August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland

September: Britain and France declare war on Germany

Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act

1941 June: Executive Order 8802

December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers

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TIMELINE

1942 February: War Relocation Authority

Office of War Information

U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews

Operation Torch

June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway

August: Battle of Stalingrad begins

1943 January: Battle of Stalingrad ends

United Mine Workers strike

Smith-Connally Act

May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender

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TIMELINE

1944 Allied soldiers reach Rome

February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas

June: D-Day

June: Attack on Saipan

1945 April: Hitler commits suicide

April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage

May: Victory in Europe

Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa

July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, Germany

July: first test of atomic bomb

August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons

September: Japanese surrender

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GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview

Mobilizing for WarPearl Harbor: The United States Enters

the WarThe Home FrontRace and WarTotal War

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MOBILIZING FOR WAR

The Rise of FascismAggression in Europe and AsiaThe Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War

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The Rise of Fascism

Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemned Versailles Treaty

and proposed Final Solution for European JewryHitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler became

the Fuhrer of the Third Reich

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Aggression in Europe

Hitler marched into RhinelandMarch 1938: Hitler annexed AustriaSeptember 1938: Hitler demanded Sudentenland from

CzechoslovakiaSeptember 29, 1938: Hitler met with Mussolini,

Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich ConferenceMarch 1939: Hitler took the rest of CzechoslovakiaAugust 1939: Hitler and Stalin signd pact of non-

aggression and agreed to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invaded Poland.

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Aggression in Asia

1931: Japanese military staged coup and took over foreign policy

1932: Japanese troops occupied Manchuria in China1937: Japan attacked China’s five northern

provincesDecember, 1937: Japan sunk American gunboat on

Yangtze River, but apologized

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The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War

The “cash and carry” Neutrality ActThe Committee to Defend America by Aiding the

Allies: advocated helping England by all means short of war

The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans

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PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR

December 7, 1941Japanese American RelocationForeign Nationals in the United StatesWartime Migrations

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December 7, 1941

7:55am: Japanese bombers attacked U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

The surprise attack killed more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers and destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force.

Congress immediately declared war against Japan.

3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

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Japanese American Relocation

More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps

Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority

1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military

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Foreign Nationals in the United States

German and Italian nationals subjected to new regulations

Smith Act of 1940All foreign-born residents registered and

fingerprinted, as well as broader grounds for deportation

Prompted by the war, a large number of immigrants became American citizens.

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Wartime Migrations

African Americans migrated to northern cities to work in war industry plants

Mexicans imported to work in the agricultural and seasonal jobs

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THE HOME FRONT

Building MoraleHome Front Workers, Rosie

the Riveter, and Victory Girls

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Building Morale

Office of War InformationMoviesRadio programsPublicationsPostersEncouraging work in war industries and

preserving the “American way of Life”

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Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls

New employment opportunities for women and disabledRosie the Riveter, symbol of women war workers

Wages climbUnions include women and minorities as

membersVictory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a

patriotic duty

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RACE AND WAR

The HolocaustRacial Tensions at HomeFighting for the “Double V”

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The Holocaust

6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani)

American knowledge of Jewish persecution began in 1930s

Word of extermination camps in 1941Anti-Semitism grew in the United StatesDenmark defied Nazis; Dominican Republic

took in Jewish refugees

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Racial Tensions at Home

Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, suggested march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry

Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries

Fair Employment Practices Commission

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Fighting for the “Double V”

African Americans enthusiastically enlisted in the armed services

Navajo “Code Talkers”By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native

Americans served during the war

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TOTAL WAR

The War in EuropeThe War in the

PacificThe End of the War

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The War in Europe Allies attacked through “the soft underbelly of Europe” May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets pushed Germans

back in February, 1943 Summer of 1943: Allies seized Sicily September 1943: Mussolini surrendered 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) Allies at German border by September May, 1945: Germany surrendered

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World War II

in Europe

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The War in the Pacific

Philippines fell to Japanese in May, 1942May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral SeaAugust, 1942: Guadalcanal battle beganGeneral MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern PacificAdmiral Nimitz moved across the Central PacificLate 1944: U.S. captured Mariana Islands and began

bombing Japan

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World War II in the Pacific

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The End of the War

The Manhattan ProjectJuly 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the

Potsdam Declaration August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima:

80,000 people died immediatelyAugust 8, 1945: Atom bomb dropped on

NagasakiSeptember 2, 1945: Japan surrendered