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CHAPTER 22HARDSHIP AND HOPE:

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

The 1930s

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“…not the working classes that brought on the economic crisis, it was the big boys that thought the financial drunk was going to last forever, and overbought, overmerged, and overcapitalized.”

Will Rogers, 1934

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TIMELINE1930 6 million unemployed Americans1931 Scottsboro Boys case taken up by International Labor Defense1932 Franklin Roosevelt wins Presidency

Reconstruction Finance Corporation infuses economic institutions1933 13 million unemployed Americans

Civil Works Administration establishedFederal Emergency Relief ActCivilian Conservation Corps

1934 Indian Reorganization ActOld Age Revolving Pensions, Limited

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TIMELINE continued1935 Social Security Act

Huey P. Long fatally shotWorks Progress AdministrationFederal Art ProjectFederal Theatre ProjectThe Wagner ActCommittee for Industrial Organization (CIO)

1936 Strikes against General Motors

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HARDSHIP AND HOPE Overview

The Great DepressionPresidential Responses to the DepressionThe New DealA New Political Culture

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THE GREAT DEPRESSION Causes of the Crisis“We Are Not Bums”Surviving Hard TimesThe Dust Bowl

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Causes of the CrisisNo safety net for the unemployedLimited competition among corporations and

small businesses failingNo savings, and great debtInternationally, exports fall, and foreign nations

unable to repay debtsExcessive profits and unequal distribution of

wealthFederal Reserve policies

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“We Are Not Bums”1930: 6 million Americans were

unemployed. By 1933, 13 million Americans were unemployed

Changing gender rolesFamilies provide safety net

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Surviving Hard Times200,000 young men “riding the rails”: hobosScottsboro Boys trial1933: over 5% of farms were foreclosed onAfrican-American workers face fiercer

discrimination in small job marketMexican Americans depend on children’s wages

Work in canneriesDeportation of 500,000 Mexicans from 1931 to 1934

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The Dust BowlDrought in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas,

Colorado, New Mexico (the Dust Bowl)April 14, 1935: blown dust turns the skies

black and kills livestockMigration away from the Dust BowlDorothea Lange, Woody Guthrie, John

Steinbeck

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PRESIDENTIAL RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION

Herbert Hoover: Tackling the Crisis

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist

“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”

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Urban and Rural Population, 1890-1990

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Herbert Hoover: Tackling the Crisis

Emergency Committee for EmploymentNational Credit CorporationReconstruction Finance CorporationPublic works program

Hoover DamMorris Muscle Shoals Bill (dam for Tennessee

River)

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist

Old family with wealth, attended Harvard, and Columbia University law school

Admirer of cousin Theodore RooseveltMarried to Theodore’s niece, EleanorNew York State Senator Assistant Secretary of the NavyVictim of polio: results in March of Dimes

founding

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“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”

March 4, 1932 inaugural address: “Nothing to fear but fear itself”

Fireside chatsStrengthening of federal governmentFriend to the immigrant communities

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THE NEW DEALThe First Hundred DaysProtest and Pressure from the Left and the

RightThe Second New DealFDR’s Second Term

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The First Hundred Days Prohibition repealed Securities and Exchange Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Civil Works Administration Federal Emergency Relief Act Civilian Conservation Corp National Recovery Administration National Labor Board Tennessee Valley Authority Indian Reorganization Act

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Protest and Pressure from the Left and the RightFrancis Townsend and the Old Age Revolving Pensions,

LimitedSocial Security Act of 1935

Charles E. CoughlinRadio show: The Golden House of the Little Flower,

denounces New Deal as Communism, admirer of Hitler and Mussolini

Huey P. LongU.S. Senator, Roosevelt critic, populist

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The Second New DealThe Social Security program:

unemployment insurance and relief for the needy

The Works Progress AdministrationFederal Art ProjectFederal Theatre Project

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FDR’s Second TermFDR wins overwhelmingly second term

(Electoral vote: 523 to 8)Supreme Court proposal defeated

FDR proposed appointing one new justice for every one on the court who had at least 10 years of service and who did not retire within six months after turning 70

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A NEW POLITICAL CULTUREThe Labor MovementThe New Deal CoalitionA New Americanism

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The Labor MovementThe Wagner Act of 1935Committee for Industrial Organization

(CIO) as part of the American Federation of Labor

General Motors strikes

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The New Deal CoalitionNorthern African Americans switch to the

Democratic PartyExecutive Order 7046 bans discrimination

in WPALatinos and the El Congreso de Pueblos de

Habla Español

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A New AmericanismA new diverse, inclusive country

Arts reflect common manMovies challenge gender and class hierarchiesSports diversify: DiMaggio, Joe Louis,Women heroines: Earhart, Helen Wills, Babe

Didriskon