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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An
Orientation
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The Human Body – An Orientation
▪ Anatomy – study of the structure
and shape of the body and its
parts
▪ Physiology – study of how the
body and its parts work or
function
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Anatomy – Levels of Study
▪ Gross Anatomy
▪ Large structures
▪ Easily observable
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Figure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study
▪ Microscopic Anatomy
▪ Very small
structures
▪ Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
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The Language of Anatomy
▪ Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
▪ Exact terms are used for:
▪ Position
▪ Direction
▪ Regions
▪ Structures
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Body Landmarks
▪ Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks
▪ Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Superficial: Closer to the
surface of the body
Deep: Further away (more
internal) from the surface of the
body
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4-legged Specimen
Caudal: Towards the tail end of a 4-legged
specimen
Cephalad/Rostral: Towards the head end of a
4-legged specimen
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What’s the name of this fin? Where’s it at?
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Naming Help
Dorsal Ventral
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Midsagittal – divides the body into right and left, midline cut on the dorsal or ventral surface
Frontal – divides the body into front and back, Ventral/dorsal, midline cut on the lateral surface
Transverse – divides the body into superior anterior, cephalad/caudal
You are told to cut an animal along two planes so that the paired lungs are observable (cut) in both sections.
What two dissection planes would meet this requirement?
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Levels of structural organization
▪ Try to organize the levels of structural
organization from smallest to largest
Cellular
Chemical
Organismal
Organ
Organ System
Tissue
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Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
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Survival Needs…
What do we need to survive?
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Survival Needs
1) Nutrients
▪ Chemicals for energy and cell building
▪ Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
2) Oxygen
▪ Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
3) Water
▪ 60–80% of body weight
▪ Provides for metabolic reaction
4) Stable body temperature
5) Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
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Necessary Life Functions
▪ Maintain Boundaries (Which body system?)
▪ Movement (Which body system?)
▪ Locomotion
▪ Movement of substances
▪ Responsiveness (Which body system?)
▪ Ability to sense changes and react
▪ Digestion
▪ Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
▪ Metabolism – chemical reactions within the
body
▪ Production of energy
▪ Making body structures
▪ Excretion (Which body systems)
▪ Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
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Necessary Life Functions
▪ Reproduction
▪ Production of future generation
▪ Growth
▪ Increasing of cell size and number
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
▪ Integumentary
▪ Forms the external body
covering
▪ Protects deeper tissue from
injury
▪ Synthesizes vitamin D
▪ Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
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Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
▪ Skeletal
▪ Protects and supports
body organs
▪ Provides muscle
attachment for movement
▪ Site of blood cell
formation
▪ Stores mineral
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
▪ Muscular
▪ Allows locomotion
▪ Maintains posture
▪ Produces heat
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Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview
▪ Nervous
▪ Fast-acting control
system
▪ Responds to internal and
external change
▪ Activates muscles and
glands
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Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview
▪ Endocrine
▪ Secretes regulatory
hormones
▪ Growth
▪ Reproduction
▪ Metabolism
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Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
▪ Cardiovascular
▪ Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
▪ Oxygen
▪ Carbon dioxide
▪ Nutrients
▪ Wastes
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Organ System Overview
▪ Lymphatic
▪ Returns fluids to blood
vessels
▪ Disposes of debris
▪ Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
▪ Respiratory
▪ Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
▪ Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
▪ Digestive
▪ Breaks down food
▪ Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
▪ Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
▪ Urinary
▪ Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
▪ Maintains acid – base
balance
▪ Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
▪ Reproductive
▪ Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Homeostasis
▪ Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a
dynamic state of equilibrium
▪ Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
▪ Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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Maintaining Homeostasis
▪ The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems
▪ Receptor
▪ Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
▪ Sends information to control center
▪ Control center
▪ Determines set point
▪ Analyzes information
▪ Determines appropriate response
▪ Effector
▪ Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
▪ Negative feedback
▪ Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
▪ Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
▪ Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
▪ Positive feedback
▪ Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
▪ In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and
birth of a baby
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