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MacromolecMacromoleculesules
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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
•Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
•Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• Carbon has 4
electrons in outer shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example:CH4(methane)
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Carbon (C) Continued
• Carbon can Carbon can bind with bind with many elements and with many elements and with itselfitself
• Able to form Able to form long chainslong chains
• Chains of carbon can Chains of carbon can close up to close up to form ringsform rings
• Carbon is Carbon is more versatile more versatile than any other elementthan any other element
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic
molecules—made of 100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
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Examples of Macromolecules
• Also called Carbon Compounds– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
(DNA and RNA)
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How Are How Are MacromolecMacromolec
ules ules Formed?Formed?
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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
• Also called Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”
• FormsForms polymerspolymers by by combiningcombining monomersmonomers by by “removing water”“removing water”..
HO H
HO HO HH
H2O
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How are How are Macromolecules Macromolecules
separated or separated or digested?digested?
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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis
• Separates polymersSeparates polymers by by “adding “adding water” (makes polymers fall water” (makes polymers fall apart)apart)
HO HO HH
HO H
H2O
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CarbohydratCarbohydrateses
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Carbohydrates
• Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
• Used by living things as their main source of energy
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• SmallSmall sugar molecules sugar molecules
to largeto large sugar sugar molecules.molecules.
• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose
glucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitExamples:
– Sucrose (table sugar)– Lactose (milk)– Maltose (honey)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
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LipidsLipids
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LipidsLipids• Made mostly of carbon &
hydrogen• General term for compounds
which are not soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic
solvents.• Remember: “stores the most
energy”• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides
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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:
1.Long term energy storage2.Protection against heat loss (insulation)3.Protection against physical shock4.Protection against water loss5.Chemical messengers (hormones)6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:
ccomposed of omposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and and 33 fatty acidsfatty acids..
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad—solid at room temp)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good-liquid at room temp)
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ProteinsProteins
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Proteins
• Contain – nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
• Made of monomers called amino acids
• 20 different amino acids
• Protein chains able to fold or twist into different shapes
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
• Six functions of proteins:1.Storage: albumin (egg white)2.Transport: hemoglobin3.Regulatory: hormones4.Movement: muscles5.Structural: membranes, hair, nails6.Enzymes: cellular reactions
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)
• Called a “subunit”..
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure
•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
•Globular in shape•Form in aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunitssubunits
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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
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Nucleic Acids
• Contain – hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
• Built of monomers called nucleotides
• Store & transmit hereditary (genetic) information
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA- single strand)
• Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:
phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)guanine (G)
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NucleotideNucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
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4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
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