1

MacromolecMacromoleculesules

2

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

•Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.

•Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• Carbon has 4

electrons in outer shell.

• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or N.

• Example:CH4(methane)

4

Carbon (C) Continued

• Carbon can Carbon can bind with bind with many elements and with many elements and with itselfitself

• Able to form Able to form long chainslong chains

• Chains of carbon can Chains of carbon can close up to close up to form ringsform rings

• Carbon is Carbon is more versatile more versatile than any other elementthan any other element

5

MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic

molecules—made of 100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules.

• Also called POLYMERS.

• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.

6

Examples of Macromolecules

• Also called Carbon Compounds– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

(DNA and RNA)

7

How Are How Are MacromolecMacromolec

ules ules Formed?Formed?

8

Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Also called Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”

• FormsForms polymerspolymers by by combiningcombining monomersmonomers by by “removing water”“removing water”..

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

9

How are How are Macromolecules Macromolecules

separated or separated or digested?digested?

10

Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

• Separates polymersSeparates polymers by by “adding “adding water” (makes polymers fall water” (makes polymers fall apart)apart)

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

11

CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

12

Carbohydrates

• Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

• Used by living things as their main source of energy

13

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• SmallSmall sugar molecules sugar molecules

to largeto large sugar sugar molecules.molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

14

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar unit

Examples:glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

15

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitExamples:

– Sucrose (table sugar)– Lactose (milk)– Maltose (honey)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

16

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

17

LipidsLipids

18

LipidsLipids• Made mostly of carbon &

hydrogen• General term for compounds

which are not soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic

solvents.• Remember: “stores the most

energy”• Examples: 1. Fats

2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides

19

LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:

1.Long term energy storage2.Protection against heat loss (insulation)3.Protection against physical shock4.Protection against water loss5.Chemical messengers (hormones)6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

20

LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of omposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and and 33 fatty acidsfatty acids..

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

21

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:

1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad—solid at room temp)

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good-liquid at room temp)

22

ProteinsProteins

23

Proteins

• Contain – nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

• Made of monomers called amino acids

• 20 different amino acids

• Protein chains able to fold or twist into different shapes

24

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Six functions of proteins:1.Storage: albumin (egg white)2.Transport: hemoglobin3.Regulatory: hormones4.Movement: muscles5.Structural: membranes, hair, nails6.Enzymes: cellular reactions

25

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein structure:

A. Primary Structure

B. Secondary Structure

C. Tertiary Structure

D. Quaternary Structure

26

Primary StructureAmino acids bonded together

by peptide bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

27

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

28

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structures bent and folded

into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)

• Called a “subunit”..

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

29

Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure

•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”

•Globular in shape•Form in aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits

30

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

31

Nucleic Acids

• Contain – hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

• Built of monomers called nucleotides

• Store & transmit hereditary (genetic) information

32

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA- single strand)

• Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

33

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:

phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)guanine (G)

34

NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

35

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A