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POLYMERS Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids 3
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CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.
MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.
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Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.Made up of smaller “building
blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS. Examples:Examples:
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids 4. Nucleic acids
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Broken down to form usable Broken down to form usable energy for cells (immediate energy for cells (immediate energy)energy)
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Include sugars and starches Three types:Three types:
A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
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Monosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar unitunit
Examples:Examples: Glucose (Glucose (C6H12O6)DeoxyriboseDeoxyriboseRiboseRiboseFructoseFructose
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glucoseglucose
Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unitExamples: Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)
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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
Polysaccharide: many sugar Polysaccharide: many sugar unitsunits
Examples:Examples:starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)glycogen (stored in muscle glycogen (stored in muscle
cells)cells)cellulose (makes up the cellulose (makes up the cell cell
wall of plants)wall of plants)
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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
Not soluble in waterNot soluble in water. Chains of carbon bonded to oxygen Chains of carbon bonded to oxygen
and hydrogenand hydrogen Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats
2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Cholesterol (Steroid 5. Cholesterol (Steroid hormones) hormones)6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides
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Lipids
1. Long term 1. Long term energy storageenergy storage
2.2. Protection Protection against heat loss against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of cell membranes 6. Major component of cell membranes
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Two kinds:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double no double bonds (bad)bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double double bonds (good…better)bonds (good…better)
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
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=unsaturated
Fats and oils: Fats and oils: ccomposed of 1 1 glycerolglycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.
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HH-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
3=
A high triglyceride level in the blood increases a risk of heart attack or pancreatic disease
What can cause high triglycerides??
Lack of exercise Being overweight Smoking Skipping meals and then eating large
quantities Excessive intake of alcohol, sugar,
starch, calories, saturated and trans fats
2 fatty acids and a glycerol
Make up the structure of the cell membrane
Structural lipidHighly water proofPlant leavesEarwax and beeswax
Ring structureMany hormones
Testosterone Estrogen Regulatory
Amino acids (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, membranes, hair, nailsnails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
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Sequence of amino acids Sequence of amino acids determines the protein structure determines the protein structure and functionand function
copyright cmassengale 19
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
Two types:Two types:a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)
Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides (monomer)
Nucleotides contain detailed instructions to build proteins
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Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)
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OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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