What do these words mean?. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules

What do these words mean?

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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

copyright cmassengale

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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example: CH4 (Methane)Example: CH4 (Methane)copyright cmassengale

Next Word…..

Polygons

Polygamy

Polyester

What does “Mono” mean?

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A NECKLACE ?

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?

Now you and a buddy

need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its

monomers.

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Question:Question:How Are How Are

Macromolecules Macromolecules Formed?Formed?


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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis

• Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by “removing “removing water”water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O


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Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?


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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”“adding water”

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O


Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can

be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules

found on a nutrition label are:

1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)



LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES

They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!

They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

CARBOHYDRATES

Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

CARBOHYDRATES

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

SimpleSimple ComplexComplex

Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers.

They also taste sweet.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are chains Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of

monomers. The most common monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates monomer of carbohydrates

is…is…

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar

unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose


Simple Sugars

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucosecopyright cmassengale

Complex Carbohydrates…What are they?

Complex Cabohydrates are polymers Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers.made up of many monomers.

Most also taste starchy.Most also taste starchy.

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose




cellulosecellulose


Complex Carbohydrates

NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them

They make up antibodies in the immune system

They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

They makeup non-steriod hormones which

THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded

together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions


Microscope View ofSkin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail

PROTEINS

Proteins are made of long Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are monomers. All proteins are

made of the monomer…made of the monomer…

http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png

PROTEINS

Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…

THINK: “CHONS”THINK: “CHONS”

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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:

A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure

C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure

D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure


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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)


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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bondscopyright cmassengale

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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and

foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)

• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheetcopyright cmassengale

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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits


LIPIDS ARE NEXT

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.

They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.

They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS

They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

LIPIDS

Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?

You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

“CHO”

A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C6H12O6

(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)

On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C27H46O cholesterol

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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are not not

soluble in watersoluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solventsare soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides


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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)


LIPIDS

Lipids are chains (polymers) Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most made of monomers. The most

common monomer of lipids common monomer of lipids is…is…

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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O


=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2-CH

2-CH3

=copyright cmassengale

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E

This is a triglyceride molecule

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on

food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O


=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH

2-CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=unsaturated


Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.gif

Cis and Trans Fatty Acids

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/cis_trans.gif

Cis –vs-Trans Shapes

http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/047cis.gif

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

There are many different types of There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common functions vary. Some common steroids are:steroids are:

SEX STEROIDSSEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC ANABOLIC STERIODSSTERIODS

CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROLLike testosterone Like testosterone and estrogenand estrogen

They increase They increase musclemuscle

LIPIPS…Some interesting info

Some anabolic Some anabolic steroids are steroids are illegalillegal

And can be dangerous and

very unhealthy

NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE BODY INCREASE MUSCLE

GROWTH AND BONE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE

GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE

BAD.BAD.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

DNADNA RNARNA

Nucleic Acids

1) DNA• Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are

made of DNA.• Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make

proteins for your body.

2) RNA• Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes

the proteins for your body.

Nucleic Acids

Each nucleic acid is made up Each nucleic acid is made up of…of…

THINK: “PONCH”THINK: “PONCH”

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

• Two types:Two types:a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)Guanine (G)


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NucleotideNucleotide

O

O=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

N

Nitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)


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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A


The shape of a nucleic acid is:

ENERGY

Energy that is gained by Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a consuming food is called a

ENERGY

Three of the BIG 4 provide Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the us with energy through the food we eat:food we eat:BIG 4

MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it provides

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

ENERGY So…So…

BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it provides

Carbohydrates 4

Proteins 4

Lipids 9

Nucleic Acids 0

TEST: TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy

will you gain?

Which one of the following molecules is a lipid?

A carbohydrate?

1.) C27H46O

2.) C12H24O12

LipidLipid

CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

• What kind of carbohydrate gives you a quick burst of energy? • What kind of carbohydrate gives you long term energy? • You are stranded on a desert island and have found a box of

food. Considering you have almost nothing to eat on the island, which of the following would be the best food to have in the box? WHY?– Crackers– Butter– Steak

• How many Calories are found in 1 gram of protein?

• How many Calories are in 1 gram of nucleic acid?

Final Review QuestionsPlease do not look back at the information in your handout until you

have answered all of the following questions.

1. What are 2 examples of simple sugars and 2 examples of complex carbohydrates not mentioned already?

2. What is a polymer?

3. What is a monomer?

4. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of ________________.

5. Define in your own words:

Biochemical

Macromolecule

6. Proteins are major structural molecules in living things. List 5 places or things in your body that contain a lot of protein.

7. What are enzymes? What are they made of?

8. What are hormones?

9. What does your thyroid hormone do?

10. Name three types of proteins.

11. What are the functions of lipids?

12. What elements are found in each of the Big 4 molecules?

13. What does DNA do? RNA?

14. How many Calories are found in 1 gram of each of the Big 4 molecules?

15. What are 5 possible effects of illegal steroid use?

16. What are 3 functions of lipids?

17. What is the function of waxes?

18. What are 2 ways simple sugars are different from complex carbohydrates?

19. What are 4 organic macromolecules?

Documents

What do these words mean?. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules