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Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular and Integumentary Systems
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Section Outline
Section 36-1
I. The Skeletal SystemA. The Skeleton: two subdivisions: Axial and Appendicular 1. Functions
a. supports the body
b. protects internal organs (brain and internal organs
c. provides for movement (levers for muscles to act on)
d. stores minerals (calcium)
e. site for red blood cell production (produced in red marrow)
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Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
The Skeletal System
Section 36-1
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Metatarsals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals
Femur
Patella
Fibula
TibiaTarsals
Phalanges
Axial Skeleton
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Section Outline
Section 36-1
B. Structure of Bones - a solid network of living cells and protein fibers, surrounded by calcium mineral salts
1. periosteum – a tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone
2. Haversian canals – a network of tubes running through compact bone that carry blood vessels
3. spongy bone – strong but light bone found and the ends of long bones, and between compact
bone in ribs and skull bones
4. bone cells- three typesa. osteocytes – mature bone cells
that maintain bone structure
b. osteblasts – create new bone tissue
c. osteoclasts – break down bone
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Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Bone marrow
Haversian canal Compact
bone
Spongy bone
Osteocyte
Artery
VeinPeriosteum
Figure 36-3 The Structure of Bone
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Section Outline
Section 36-1
C. Development of Bones
1. embryonic skeletons are composed of cartilage
2. cartilage is replaced by bone during embryonic
development
3. the process of replacement is called ossificaton
4. in early adulthood all the cartilage is replaced by
bone (ossification)
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Section 36-1
D. Types of Joints1. Immovable Joints – allow no movement – skull bones
2. Slightly Movable Joints – allow some movement – between bones of lower leg, and between vertebrae
3. Freely Movable Joints – movement in one or more directions
a. ball and socket joint –movement in many directions (shoulder and hip)
b. hinge joint – movement in one direction (knee and elbow)
c. pivot joint – one bone rotates around another
(lower arm)
d. saddle joint – bones slide in two directions
(between wrist and hand)
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Clavicle
Ball-and-socket joint
ScapulaHumerus
Femur
Patella
Hinge jointTibia
Fibula
Humerus
Radius
Pivot joint
Ulna
Metacarpals
CarpalsSaddle joint
Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements
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Section Outline
Section 36-1
E. Structure of joints and skeletal disorders1. ends of bones in freely moveable joints are covered
with cartilage for protection
2. the joint is surrounded by a tough joint capsule that has two layers
a. ligaments are strips of
connective tissue that hold bones together and stabilize the joint
b. the other layer produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
3. bursa are small sacs found in a joint that reduce friction and act as cushions
4. Skeletal System Disorders a. bursitis – inflammation of the bursa b. osteoporosis – a loss of calcium from
bones which causes them to weaken
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Muscle
Tendon
Femur
Patella
Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia
Figure 36-5 Knee Joint
Section 36-1
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II. Muscular System– causes movement of body parts and materials
A. Types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal – connected to the skeletal system
a. striations – alternating light and dark bands seen under a microscope
b. under voluntary nervous control
c. have many nuclei in each cell
2. smooth muscle – located in internal organs
a. no striations present
b. involuntary nervous control
3. cardiac muscle – found in the heart
a. striations present
b. involuntary nervous control
Section Outline
Section 36-2
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B. Muscle Contraction 1.muscle cells are made up of 2 fibers called myofibrils
a. a thin filament called actinb. a thick filament called myosin
2. a muscle contraction happens when actin and myosin slide past each other3. actin and myosin form cross bridges between them which allows a contraction to take place4. ATP is used to power the reactions that cause contraction
C. Control of Muscle contractions1.skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the nervous system2. a nerve ending connects to each muscle cell at a neuromuscular junction
Section Outline
Section 36-2
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3.when a nervous impulse is sent down a nerve, a
chemical is released that causes contraction to begin
a. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is
released
D. Muscle and Bone interaction
1.muscles can only contract, so they are arranged in opposing pairs
2. muscles connect to bones by connective tissue strips
called tendons
Section Outline
Section 36-2
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Actin pulledCross-bridge releases actic
Cross-bridge changes shape
Myosin returns to original
shape
Myosin forms cross-bridge
with actin
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1
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Cycle Diagram
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Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Section 36-2
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Relaxed Muscle
Contracted Muscle
Z line Myosin Actin Z line
Sarcomore
Cross-bridges Z line
Movement of Actin FilamentActin
Binding sites
Cross-bridge
Myosin
Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
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Relaxed Muscle
Contracted Muscle
Z line Myosin Actin Z line
Sarcomore
Cross-bridges Z line
Movement of Actin FilamentActin
Binding sites
Cross-bridge
Myosin
Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
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Relaxed Muscle
Contracted Muscle
Z line Myosin Actin Z line
Sarcomore
Cross-bridges Z line
Movement of Actin FilamentActin
Binding sites
Cross-bridge
Myosin
Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
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Relaxed Muscle
Contracted Muscle
Z line Myosin Actin Z line
Sarcomore
Cross-bridges Z line
Movement of Actin FilamentActin
Binding sites
Cross-bridge
Myosin
Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
The cross-bridge is broken, the myosin binds to another site on the actin filament, and the cycle begins again.
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Movement Movement
Biceps (relaxed)
Triceps (relaxed)
Biceps (contracted)
Triceps (relaxed)
Figure 36-11 Opposing Muscle Pairs
Opposing Muscle Pairs
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Section 36-3
III. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails and several glands
A. Functions 1. a barrier against infection and injury
2. helps regulate body temperature
3. removes waste products
4. provides protection from ultraviolet light
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Section 36-3
B. Two main layers: Epidermis and Dermis 1. epidermis – upper layer of skin
a. top layer of skin is dead, and made up of a waterproofing protein called keratin
b. deeper layer is living and produces a dark pigment called melanin (UV protection)
c. the epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels)
2. dermis – contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, and smooth muscle
a. blood vessels help to regulate heat loss and gain
b. glands produce sweat and oils to cool the body and keep the skin flexible and waterproof
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Skin
Barrier to infection
Regulator of body
temperature
Remover of waste products
Protector against UV radiation
Epidermis Dermis
Outer layer Inner layer
functions as a
is made up of the
which is the
which is the
Concept Map
Section 36-3
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Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin
Section 36-3
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Video 2
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