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Sponges and CnidariansBy Tim Allen, Tim Kang, Niko Escanilla,
and Paul Woo
Sponges
Phylum = Porifera› Scientific name = Calcareous sponge
Common Name = Yellow Calcareous Sponge
Sponges
Phylum = Porifera› Scientific name = Spongia officinalis
Common Name = Bath Sponge
Cnidarians
Phylum = Cnidaria› Scientific name = Physalia utriculus
Common Name = Bluebottle
Cnidarians
Phylum = Cnidoria› Scientific name = Octocorallia alcyonacea
Common Names = Red Sea Soft Coral
Evolution of Sponges
Sponges were one of the first animals living on Earth, dating back 730 million years ago.
Most are marine (9,000+ species) They share some characteristics with living
animals today. Sponges are multicellular but are thought to
have evolved from unicellular protists.› Multicellularity
If they are put through a fine mesh, they separate and then come back together to form a new sponge.
Various shapes, sizes, habitats, and colors Sponges date back to the Precambrian era
Evolution of Cnidarians
One of the first animals fossils that were recognized were cnidarians
The first cnidarians were composed of soft tissue
The earliest Cnidarian fossil discovered is 580 million years of age
Symmetry of Sponges
Sponges › Asymmetrical
They lack symmetry › Acoelomate
Do NOT have a body cavity› Can also have radial symmetry
Pic from- http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=72139&rendTypeId=35
Body Plan of Sponges
Vocabulary Sessile
› Firmly attaching to surfaces and not moving
Choanocytes › Flagellated cells that are found on the interior of the sponge
Ostia› pores
Osculum› The opening at the top of a sponge
http://www.marinefoundation.org/sponge2.gif
Symmetry and Body Cavity of Cnidarians
Has radial symmetry› A body plan that can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any along a central axis
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/radial.jpg(this website is for the works cited for this radial symmetry pic)
Cnidarians have two tissue layers› Outer- epidermis› Inner- gastrodermis
In the center of the body is that gastrovascular cavity a hollow gut
Body Plan of Cnidarians
Vocabulary Medusa
› Bell-Shaped› Specialized for swimming
Polyp› Vase-Shaped› Specialized a sessileexistence sessile existence
Being able to attachfirmly to a surface and not move
Structural Support of Sponges
Some sponges are supported by spongin› Flexible protein fibers acting as a skeleton for support
Other sponges are supported by spicules› Small-needlelike made of silicate (silicon dioxide) or calcium carbonate
Structural Support of Cnidarians
The structural support in Cnidarians is Mesoglea› Jelly like substance provides structural
support in water
Nutrition and Digestion of Sponges
Sessile, do not have the ability to pursue food Filter Feed
› Choanocytes beat flagellum, pumping water in through the ostia, pores
› Sponges filter the food out of the water› Choanocytes trap the food in their small hair-like
projections› Water leaves through osculum or mouth
Water/food IN through ostia
Water-OUTthrough osculum
Nutrition and Digestion of Cnidarians
Cnidocysts capture prey › Tentacles are used to capture food› Trigger triggers the nematocyst to be
expelled The nematocysts sting the prey the spine
and trap food with the fillaments › Trap food with mucous found at mouth and
tentacles
Transportation and Circulation of Sponges
Transportation: During the premature stage
› The larva moves by means of flagella until they find a place to attach to and thus begin their sessile stage
Sessile› During adulthood
Circulation:› A sponge has water flow in through its
ostia and go out through its osculum
Transportation of Cnidarians
Many adult cnidarians are free-floating› In the larval stage, they are free swimmers
Larval stage- part of the life cycle of a cnidarian
http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-cnidaria.jpg
Circulation of Cnidarians
No specialized systems found in cnidarians that aid in circulation› Circulation mainly achieved through
diffusion
Respiration of Sponges
Does not have a respiratory system› Takes in water (H2O) through its pores
They have canals that move the water throughout the sponge
Respiration of Cnidarians
Goes through diffusion› There small body size allows oxygen to
diffuse from water through their thick membrane No respiratory structures are needed
Lungs, gills, etc.
Water Balance and Excretion in Sponges
Sponges beat the flagella of certain cells to pump water in and out of its osculum
Sponges have carbon dioxide and other wastes removed quite easily› The water moves it in and out through the
pores
Water Balance and Excretion in Cnidarians
Maintain water balance by osmosis Diffuse water through their tissue
Reproduction in Sponges
Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually› Asexual reproduction- Budding internally
and externally› The new sponges are similar to their
parents
Reproduction in Cnidarians
Reproduce both asexually and sexually› Asexually- budding or binary fission
Binary fission- splitting a parent cell into two equal parts
› Sexually- an asexual cnidarian reproduces Produces an organism that can reproduce
sexually This leads to the variation in generations
A Sponges Nervous System
Sponges do not have a nervous system› Lack sensory cells and nerve cells
A Cnidarians Nervous System
Contains a nerve net› Has a network of nerve fibers
Able to communicate when overlapped Not cephalized
Unique Facts about Sponges
Unique facts about Sponges
The largest sponge ever measured was a Monoraphus sponge › It was ten feet wide!!
In the Caribbean Sea, sponges can filter all of the water in one day!!
Within a sponge, it is possible to find 16,000 other animals!
Unique Facts about Cnidarians
Over 10,000 species› 130 of those species recorded in Sydney
Harbor Group name Cnidarian comes from the
word nettle The body of the a Cnidarian is a sack
with an opening, such as a medusa or a polyp
WORKS CITED
"http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=72139&rendTypeId=35." Marriam-Webster. 2006. 7 Apr 2009
http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/dino/geotime/geo_time_graphic.gif." 7 Apr 2009
Bird, Jonathan. "http://www.marinefoundation.org/sponge2.gif ." 7 Apr 2009
"http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-cnidaria.jpg ." 7 Apr 2009 Postlethwait, John, and Janet Hopson. Modern Biology.
Austin: A Harcourt Education Company, 2006. "iod.ucsd.edu/~amanda/Files/lab5InvertsI.ppt." 7 Apr 2009
ERA PICK IS FROM http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/ex
hibits/dino/geotime/geo_time_graphic.gif
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