Panel National Archiprix 2013 Jasper Nijveldt
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We are witnessing the biggest economic transformation the world has ever seen. More than ever, cities matter. Especially China is undergoing a massive urban revolution, with emerging mega-cities you maybe never have heard of like Fuzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing and Chengdu. What will it take for these cities to serve their expanding and ever more prosperous citizens while still sustaining growth? This is also a higly relevant question for (landscape) architects, planners and designers! But how can we make our knowledge meaningful in a local context? My project represents an endless and intense quest for these answers. This panel shows my process by depicting spreads from my logbook. The process is characterized as moving towards modesty and trying to understand the cultural differences in experiencing space while simultaneously abandoning my biased western frame of reference. The plan kicks off with a radical masterplan consisting of a 300 km long and 1 km wide ‘Wall’ around Chinese cities, and progresses into a stepwise representation of small ordinary public places in a new township within the Wall. This project sets out to contribute to the discussion about sustainable growth of Chinese cities and its public space while all together acknowledging that the designed proposal is not the ultimate solution. Yet hopefully the design proves to be a proper rhetorical vehicle to investigate the correlation between mega-cities and a human scaled public space in the Chinese context.
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and even y d s r bu ed fundamen aWe are witnessing the biggest
economic transformation the world has ever seen.1Zhu Xue 8ao Arch
ec ura Journal) May 982 MAJOR POLLUTANTS load ratio,AIR QUALITY
2009 34 33 AIR QUALITY 2009 35 AIR QUALITY per season, Chengdu
2009inner city Chengdu 2009 37 ACID RAIN, Chengdu 2009 37AIR
POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009 mum o w ndow open ng are d p ayed No many
ac v e happened nProv Source Kuo Shang e a "Trad tiona
Chengdu600120 9 wintercious land will be eaten ( 4.17). Old
typologies focused on Chinese family a re den a ree The pre ndu r a
Ch ne e c y a way con a ned ome 140 8 100 120 780 10028%More than
ever, cities matter. Especially China is undergoing a massive
urban500 806 nomena 26New YorkChinese average URBAN AREA, Chengdu
(sqkm)orm o pr va e open pace uch a a cour yard be ween he ma n
room o a46%live and the community is being replaced with privatized
islands far outside60 60 5 40400 40 204 26%the centre . These big
compounds are mainly accessible by car. Thus, more hou e and he ree
Th mean ha wa no bu d ng de ned he re20autumn 0 spring 3
200620072008200920103000400 AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu
(kmph) mostacid rain frequencyPMIOSO2 NO2 PH of
precipitationrevolution, with emerging mega-cities you maybe never
have heard of like Fuzhou,ring-roads will be built and inhabitants
become more dependent on cars, den a ree Beh nd he wahere wa a m n
mum epara on be weennormal PHsource: China Academy of Urban
Planning and Design Planning and Design Institute, Chengdu200
source: China Academy of Urban Planning and Design Planning and
Design Institute, Chengdu35025room and pr va e open pace
LondonAmsterdam100 PMIO measuredNO2 measured summer SO2
measuredresulting in traffic jams and increase in air pollutants.
The cities develop- 300 20ment will gradually slow down, become
more congested and will decrease WHO guidelineNO2 WHO guideline SO2
WHO guidelineWuhan, Chongqing and Chengdu. What will it take for
these cities to serve their source: Chengdu Environmental
Protection Bureau, WHO250 0Tokyosma open spaces m t on dev ces In
some c t es peop e de berate y organ zedc ty - the r s m s houettes
acted as eye-catch ng or enta h erarchy Inev tab y the dent ty of
each trad t ona c ty nThe who e compos t on presented a h gh y
contro ed mPh Cl- NO3SO24 NH4 K+ Na+Ca2+ Mg2 biking5463Human sca
eage ach eved by str ct mp ementat on ofan env ronmenta Chengdu
Chongqing ShanghaiBeijing Istanbul MexicoTokyo Lhasasource:
WHOParticulate matter (PM10)Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)source: WHO 38 WATER QUALITY Mintuo Riverin livability and
efficiency. Research suggests that Chengdu is already the 200 15 40
35most inefficient city in China measured by the time it takes for
people to 10S nce he c e were ormed w h wa h had n uence on he ca e
andexpanding and ever more prosperous citizens while still
sustaining growth? This 30150source: China Academy of Urban
Planning and Design Planning and Design Institute, Chengdu 25 20
15travel to work (Sankhe et al., 2011). The average speed by car in
Chengdu 1005 propor on o he c y wh ch can be een back n he rad ona
morpho ogy 31 36 10 FOREST area (% of land area) FRESHWATER
withdrawal, 2000 5within the city centre will soon be lower than
just walking ( 4.18). The 3 230 best III III IV Vworse VI020082009
50economic reform industrialization, export,Global, 2005 2006 2007
2008 20092010 201120122013is also a higly relevant question for
Dutch (landscape) architects, planners and 40 7%manufacturing FDI
source: Chengdu Environmental Protection Bureau 26 %finger model is
no longer sustainable ( 4.19). We have to look for a new ).average
during rush hour0urban architectural model that cater to a greater
population without com-1980198519901995 2000 20052010Hor zon a c y
35 RG 767 % NOISE POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009 ANNUAL WATER USE, Chengdu
2001 China (total 335 million m3)promising the quality of life.Cour
yard garden ma open area and o her orm o open pace arem total:
549,76 cu km / year 4.16 Expected growth in urban km2. 4.18 Average
speed city centre, Chengdu (kmph).designers! But how can we make
our knowledge meaningful in a local context? 30per capita: 415 cu m
/ year 25 ha ow ho ow n he ruc ure The bu d ng around hem were on y
3 23 T d on Coud Hou e nd Low R e H gh Denngs and temp es cou d
useanthe decorat ve e ement under the eaves And a person a so not
perm tted to use moreor h gher than five jia 24 He was fam y On y
governmenta bu d Surroundedand brown pa nted Consequent y most
man-madearch tecture that rose to seven orm ted n trad t ona Ch
nesebu d ngs w th b ack c ay t e roofs wh te stucco wa s wood pr
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arger vo umes and were ma n y hor zonta var at ons werew thout a
pos tion n the governthan a coup e of spec fied co parts of a c ty
n th s reg on com theseTheoften one or two for an averageone or wo
or e h gh 3 24 S nce he d men on o he bu d ng madoors Even though
pub c bu d- ment one f gure eas y becamenot strong enough tocreate
athree temp e tower was the on y bu d Because the numby such a
homogeneous env ronthe focus of the ent re townscape13 %
residential 36% 20 Chengdu nondomestic 46% nonrevenue 18%347 Enc
osure41 %be ween cour yard rare y exceeded 7 o 10 me re he ha ow ho
ow 5ng a house b gger than threej source: Water in Asian cities.
Asian Development Bank 15 46 %the h gh-r se temp e towerwere d r bu
ed even y n he urban abr c Every hou e hu en oyed a The d eren
percep ua pr nc p e o near y h erarchy un y and humanUnited
Statestotal: 477 cu km / year per capita: 1600 cu m / year more h
gh y decorated 10ACID RAIN 2008 WATER CONSUMPTION by activityMy
project represents an endless and intense quest for these answers.
This199019952000 2005PH > 5,6 ChinaUnited StatesEuropean Union
World source: WorldbankPH 5,0 - 5,6PH 4,5 - 5,0 domestic
industryagricultural activitieslitres usedp ece o open pr va e pace
and nce he ree were or en a ed on he ca e are yn he zed w h he key
pr nc p e o enc o ure wh ch a m ober ofsuch towers wassource: CIA
factbook toilet flushes10 - 15PH < 4,5 shower (per minute) 15 -
35 the tower nto a v sta bath (full tub) 150 ou h he open pace ook
u advan age o un h ne n w n er and pre crea e an ho c env ronmen
Even he Ch ne e word or pace e laundry machine (full load) 160 -
220 dishwasher25 - 55source: China Academy of Urban Planning and
Design Planning and Design Institute, Chengdu dishwashing by hand
(tap running) 110 shaving (tap running) 20 - 30 d mens ona scene
brushing teeth (tap running)10 - 30 WATER Chengdupanel shows my
process by depicting spreads from my logbook. The process is va ng
w nd n ummer Deep eave o he rad ona arch ec ure hekong an repre en
he crea on and order ng o emp y vo ume a a re usource: Water in
Asian cities. Asian Development Bank built areawatervertical city
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30 e ght stor es AGRICULTURAL land (% of land area) ARABLE land (%
of land area) CO2 emmisions (metric tons per capita) WATER
CONSUMPTION volume, 2001 (million cubic meters per day) WATER
PRODUCTION volume, 2001 (million cubic meters per day)WATER
CONSUMPTION per capita, 2001 (liters per day)p ed under ree r ng ou
o he ma open area A hor zon a humandow hre ho d creen rooTh work on
every ca e From coun rycharacterized as moving towards modesty and
trying to understand the cultural TDSR 22535 Vientiane Phnom Penh
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own h p ormed by he ex ng charac er c o he oca on
and12.216.720.327.5 g he ng n ChengduHong Kong SeoulOsaka
40SeoulManila Ulaanbaatar10 Shanghai Shanghai Tashkentwestern frame
of reference. The plan kicks off with a radical masterplan
consisting 0123 4 50 12 345 0 50100150200 250300350 ma er un repea
on a reduced ca e he orm o he arger one 3 25 ho d an n erpre a on o
undamen a percep ua pr nc p e o Ch ne e 355domestic nondomestic
surface water underground water35 source: Water in Asian cities.
Asian Development Bank source: Water in Asian cities. Asian
Development Banksource: Water in Asian cities. Asian Development
Bank2050 27X27 KM 51 3PROblem Of The ORD NaRy 30 25196019651970
1975 1980198519901995 2000200501960 1965China19701975 United States
19801985 European Union19901995 World2000 2005 0 1960 1965China1970
1975United States 19801985 European Union19901995World 2000 2005
2030 20X20 KMA bu d ng may be v ewed a a c y on a ny ca e wh e he
own a hugecu ure Th new own h p can grow or even hr nk ea y and h
gh y source: Worldbankbu d ng on a va ca e Even he boundary be ween
c y and coun ry de adap ab e o he marke I o er a er e o enc o ed
wor d w h human y ChinaUnited StatesEuropean UnionWorldsource:
Worldbank source: Worldbankof a 300 km long and 1 km wide Wall
around Chinese cities, and progresses into 511 3 Urban p acemak ng
Vo kman 2010 M ao 2001 The pace here ore ack o accommoda e 3 24 The
ow bu d ng nd e en dbu ed m open p ceand coun ry and wor d wa ormed
hrough enc o ure ke he Greaca ed cour yard garden and ma open area
The own h p ook ra hera stepwise representation of small ordinary
public places in a new township withinFrom 2006 the co2 emission
per capita in China is higher than averageworldwide, but still
lower than in the Western countries ( 30). In China6 Township S nce
he Ch ne e Commun governmen orma y adop ed marke or ena ed econom c
po c e n 1978 eve o urban za on have ncrea ed romhe oca re den and
commun y need Chen & Rom ce 2009 argueha he re u or everyday e
he a ena on w h he re a on h p o Th undamen a y d eren han n he we
The wear ng w hWa Ch ne e c e have n erna wa o a ng orb dden c e
mona chao c rom a b rd eye per pec ve bu a eye eve how a
movemenhrough a c ear y under andab e er e o enc o ed wor d Space
expethere is a strong rise of forest area ( 31). About 10% from
1990 to 2008. 5 18 percen o 50 percen McK n ey 2008 Th grow h a o m
rrored byhe c y and a e ha he ma n cau e ac e recon ruc on In hehe
en gh enmen empha ed core va ue o nd v dua y and a devo on r enced
v a a cro ng o var ou enc o ure and d eren pa a equencethe Wall.
This project sets out to contribute to the discussion about
sustainable Worldwide this is getting lower (-2% from 1990 to
2008). The agricultural 4an ncred b e pace o change o urban p
acemak ng The new gn cance new Ch ne e c y ub e co ec ve ypo og e
green and pede r an r end yo heaven and god The arch ec ure re ec h
w h bu d ng ha arerom he very pub c a he way o he pr va e bedroom
Space pre en ed Environmentland in China was in 1990 only 37% of
the total land area, in 2008 this is awarene and a en on ha g ven o
p ann ng o open pub c pace haree are rap d y be ng rep aced by a
Neo Corbu on and cape w h arge e egan open mpre ve and ver ca From
Go h c churche o moderne bye The nex pace a way unpred c ab e wh ch
crea e a en egrowth of Chinese cities and its public space while
all together acknowledging that more than 60% ( 32). Which means
that nature is being transformed to ).a ready ed o mprovemen mo y w
h arge ca e urban de gn Ha quare mpre ve park eye ca ch ng arch ec
ure h gh r e apar menky craper Dwe ng n European pre ndu r a own
were c o e y bu o my ery and a human exper ence o paceagriculture
to still feed to growing population. Compared to the Chinese? enp
ug 2004and pr va zed compound More prec e y pub c pace ncrea ng y p
ay a o a he gh o a ea hree o our or e and pr va e open pace wa
carce >>>>>average the number of particulate matter
(pm10), which causes bad air qual- epara ng ro e and be ng gnored o
be a ba c bu d ng b ock o he c y Mo y he o d bu d ng were no n egra
ed w h vo d garden pace Thethe designed proposal is not the
ultimate solution. Yet hopefully the design proves ity, of Chengdu
is good ( 33), but compared to other world cities it is bad (A ena
on Zhu 2003 M ao 2011 Abram on 2008 I he hypo he o h hegarden pace
were o en con o da ed n a arge p ece n he cen re o each34).
Compared to who standards it is 2.5 times worse ( 35). Almost one
third 4.38 Forest Wall in the north. 4.39 Water Wall in the
south-west, integrated with dam.However accord ng o evera cho ar he
pa a qua y o pub c p ace hah become he new endency o a u ure deve
opmenwou d b ockto be a proper rhetorical vehicle to investigate
the correlation between mega-citiesof China is hit by acid rain (
36), leading to the worlds most polluted cities), mean ng u or
everyday e ha no been mproved propor ona y and be he ab o u e dea
hb ow o pub c e and evera prob em ac ng Ch na( 37) and a polluted
river in Chengdu ( 38). 4.15 Growth direction. 4.19 Doomsday.
Details.ome me even de er ora ed M ao 2011 Ha enp ug 2004 Yang andw
be or ed 3 25 Se e o enc o ed wo d 4 54 V e 4 87 Mode 4 90 Smpub c
p ce nd e hou eand a human scaled public space in the Chinese
context. 36 37585972 739293108109 136137154155 168169 206207 214215
23er e park and o her prec nc Even ome me ma er wa ur her ub The
pace ha are enc o ed by a er e o wa are no perce ved a xed Bamboo h
and wa er pondNa ura ven a or Design history of Chinas gated cities
and neighbourhoods S nce pub c p aceuch a broad ermmpor an o r d cu
hed v de he e p ace I hu make a er e o wa ed enc o ure The var e
yen e Space never an ab o u e ob ec and or h rea on nece a eAno her
n ere ng ea ure o he e are he h w h bamboo ore The va ey bamboo h
and wa er pond w have an n ere ng e ec onthe wall genera de n on o
p ace and pub c and how can be mean ng u or and gn cance o wa ev
den rom he number o word n Ch ne e movemen a go ng n o pace e ra
her han a v ew ng o pace rom he Mo o bamboo or Phy o achy pube cen
4 55 Be de he pa ahe everyday v ng qua y and e pec a y he a r qua y
o he e S nce everyday e or n o her word or he ord nary No on o He
deggerThe no on o He degge b ng he rh d eren orm and meanophy For
examp e h gh wade cr ma ch w ea y dea n Ch ne e ph o ngou de and
rom a d ance The enc o ng o pace apprec a ed n erm qua y bamboo ha
ome ma or eco og ca beneW ha grow hChengdu ha prac ca y no w nd a
erna ve need o be o ered he and We ern urban heory prov de a concep
ua ramework o cr ca yAnc en Ch ne e c around cour yard ho pa n ng
dep c were ca ed and cape mpny ng ome h ng u ed o h e dn he e q ang
pa ngo movemen rom one pace o ano herdynam c Space here ore ra e
and h gh annua regrow h a er harve ng he bamboo ore ha a and cape
can work a a na ura ven a or or he new bu d area Bu d de ne h chap
er 2 From here on an a emp w be made o underpeop e a e encompa ed
by he env onmen a hey go abou he va ou h gh carbon orage po en a A
h gh annua ra e o carbon accumu a on area have h gher empera ure wh
ch ca ed he hea and e ec andone e hou e wa and par wa were ca ed b
conno ng ome h ngexper enced rough a cro ng o var ou enc o ure and
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e c e chap er 3 Th hed ome gh on he curren pa a prob em o pub c
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e Ha cho a ha warded o and re ed he w nd and co d and ow wa were ca
ed ng on a daybed am d he ee wh e en ng o ome mu cCyuan 3 3ugge ng
and h ng bamboo and pon a n hu ook a pro ec on equence The nex pace
a way unpred c ab e wh ch crea e a en e omean ha he bamboo ore are
one o he mo e c en ype o ore