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Presentation made by Ilaria Sisto, Training Officer at FAO, World Water Week, August 26-31, 2012, Stockholm, Sweden
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Women in Agriculture,Gender and Water Indicators
Ilaria Sisto
World Water Week 2012Stockholm, 27th August 2012
FAO Support to the African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW) Gender Strategy
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Outline
1. Women in agriculture and the gender gap
2. Gender-sensitive Indicators for water resources in agriculture
3. FAO Support to the implementation of the AMCOW Gender strategy
Women from Sub-Saharan Africa spend
about 40 billion hours/year collecting
water
Source: ILO.Share of employed population by sector and gender
1. Women are a key resource in agriculture
Women farmers produce less per unit of land...
Gap between yields on male- and female-controlled plots in Burkina Faso
-41
-21 -18
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Sorghum Vegetables All cropsPercentage
… because women use fewer inputs (e.g. fertilizer)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Nigeria Malawi
Madagascar Ghana
Viet NamTajikistan
PakistanNepal
Bangladesh
Panama Nicaragua Guatemala
Ecuador Bolivia
Percentage of households using fertilizers
Male-headed households Female-headed households
… and women control less land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Malawi Madagascar
Ghana
Viet NamTajikistan Pakistan
Nepal Indonesia
Bangladesh
Panama Nicaragua
Guatemala Ecuador
Bolivia
Average farm size (ha)
Male-headed households Female-headed households
Economic and social gains from closing the gender gap
Agriculture productivity gains on women’s farms and at national level
Food security gains with a reduction in the number of hungry people
Broader economic and social gains Improve health, nutrition and education for children Build human capital and promote economic growth
Steps to close the gender gap
Ensure equality for women under the law Invest in women and girls Provide public services and technologies to
free up women’s time Consider gender differences in agricultural policy Address the multiple constraints of women in
agriculture holistically
Management of land and water resources Access to paid employment Educational attainment Institutional empowerment
e.g. Empowerment (legal, political, economic and social empowerment of women and men)
2. Gender-sensitive indicators in water resources management at national level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% urban water supply coverage % rural water supply coverage % total water supply coverage
Monitoring MDG 8: Access to drinking water
Management of land indicators:
Percentage farms managed by women
Percentage cultivated area managed by women
Distribution of farm sizes between men and women
①
②
③
Access to water indicators:
Number of men and women with access to drinking water in relation to the total population
Proportion of rural households (male and female headed) connected to reticulated water
Proportion of people (families) dependent on a community pump for drinking water of total population.
①
②
③
Access of women to paid employment
1. Statistics reflect only part of reality as many workers are paid in cash and payments are not officially registered
2. Contributions of women and children are not recorded
3. Majority of farms (approx. 85%) are « managed by the family »
Access to paid employment indicators:
Percentage women hours worked in agriculture sectors
Percentage women in the agriculture labour force in the irrigation sector
Ratio men/women in paid permanent and seasonal employment in the irrigation sector
Percentage of women with social security coverage.
①
②
③
①
Educational attainment indicators:
Number of rural boys and girls enrolled in schools
Number of men and women employed in the irrigation sector who received training
Number of men and women with each education level working in agriculture sectors
Ratio men/women of extension staff involved in the irrigation sector.
①
②
③
①
Institutional empowerment indicators:
Percentage women employees in a ministry (water ministry or equivalent)
Percentage women in decision-making positions
Percentage women members of the irrigation associations
①
②
③
SEAGA Irrigation Sector Guide
Passport to mainstreaming gender in water programmes:
Key questions for interventions in the agricultural sector
www.fao.org
3. FAO Tools
FAO Policy on Gender Equality
• Framework to guide FAO’s efforts to achieve gender equality in all its technical work and assess results.
• 30% of total agricultural aid is committed to women and gender equality by 2025.
• One standard for gender mainstreaming is strengthening the capacity of Member countries in policy analysis, gender equality planning and evaluation.
Strengthen government technical and functional capacities to address gender inequality in agriculture sectors.
Three dimensions: individuals, organizations and enabling environment.
Portfolio of CD instruments: training, policy advice, organizational analysis, knowledge management, network creation, coaching, knowledge sharing and pilot new approaches.
FAO Support to Member Countries
What else can be done?
Strengthen extension systems and institutions to be more responsive and inclusive of women
Address structural barriers to women’s access to productive resources
Improve financial systems to respond to needs of rural women producers and entrepreneurs
Close the gender gap in the rural labour markets.
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