Train engine control

Live-Steam-Train-Model

“ MICRONTROLLER BASED INTELLIGENT TRAIN ENGINE CONTROL

SYSTEM”

Completed By:

Baig Aasiya Seat No: 2430

Dhanjal Rimi Seat No: 2434

Project Guide:

Prof. SAJID NAEEM

A Presentation On

M.Sc-II (Electronics)Department of Electronic Science

AKI’S Poona College of Arts, Science & CommerceCamp, Pune-01 (India)

INTRODUCTION We know that the railway network of India is the biggest

in south Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods…. etc. and they’re so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And that’s why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.

The idea is whenever engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the driver can manually start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed. So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can feel relax in driving because he doesn’t have to take care about red signal. Even if he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea.

BLOCK DIAGRAMThe block diagram consists of 2 unit Transmitter Receiver In this project the IR signals is received by the “TSOP”

which acts as the interrupt given to the microcontroller, thus controlling the speed of the train.

TRANSMITTER SECTION

TRANSMITTER UNIT

DC POWER SUPPLY

2 STAGE MULTIVIRATOR USING IC555

IR TRANSMITTER

TO RECIVER

DC POWER SUPPLY Figure gives the block diagram of power supply. Every block diagram consists of the

following blocks: AC INPUT TANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

WORKING OF DC POWER SUPPLY

As shown ac power supply 230 v is given to transformer as input.

The used is step down which provides the output 24 V. It also isolate transformer is the circuit from the main power

supply. The output of transformer is given to rectifier(ac to dc). The main function of the filter is to remove the ac

components(called ripples) present in the output supplied by the rectifier.

The main function of Voltage regulator is to keep the output constant even if there is change in the input. Zener diodes and transistors are used for voltage regulation.

The output of voltage regulator is given to the load.

IC555 It is a electronic circuit that

generates a high voltage level(HVL) and low voltage level(LVL) but neither the HVL nor LVL is permanent. If we use ic555 the HVL is +5v and the LVL is -5v.

An astable multivibrator can be produced by adding resistors and a capacitor to the basic timer IC.

The timing during which the output is either high or low is determined by the externally connected two resistors and a capacitor.

IC555 AS ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

In figure, when VOUT is high, the discharging transistor is cut- off & the capacitor C begins charging toward VCC through resistances RA & RB. The charging time constant is (RA + RB) C. Eventually, the threshold voltage exceeds +2/3 VCC, the comparator 1 has a high output & triggers the flip-flop so that its Q is high & the timer output is low. With Q high, the discharge transistor saturates & pin 7 grounds so that the capacitor discharges through Resistance RB with a discharging time constant RB C. With the discharging of capacitor, trigger voltage at inverting input of comparator 2 decreases. When it drops below 1/3VCC, the output of comparator 2 goes high & this reset the flip-flop so that Q is low & the timer output is high. This proves the auto-transition in output from low to high & then to low as, illustrated in figures. Thus the cycle repeats.

WORKING

IR SENSOR

An infrared emitter is an LED made from gallium

arsenide, which emits near-infrared energy at about 880nm. The infrared phototransistor acts as a transistor with the base voltage determined by the

amount of light hitting the transistor. Hence it acts as a

variable current source. Greater amount of IR light cause greater

currents to flow through the collector-emitter leads.

WORKING

The fig shows the phototransistor is wired in a similar configuration to the voltage divider. The variable current traveling through the resistor causes a voltage drop in the pull-up resistor. This voltage is measured as the output of the device.

RECEIVER SECTION

RECEIVER SECTION

Receiver SENSOR(TSOP)MICROCONTROLLER 89S52ULN DRIVERRELAYDC MOTORIC REGULATORS

RECEIVER UNIT

TO RECEIVE TRANSMITTER OUTPUT

RELAY 1

DC POWER SUPPLY

7812

7818

7815

7812

7805

7809

RELAY 4

RELAY 3

RELAY2 895S2

OUTPUT INDICATO

RDRIVER IC

RECIEVER

SENSOR

MOTOR

TSOP

The TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series. It consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which are embedded into a single package.The output of TSOP is active low and it gives +5V in off state. When IR waves, from a source, with a centre frequency of 38 kHz incident on it, its output goes low. Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent lamps etc. may cause disturbance to it and result in undesirable output even when the source is not transmitting IR signals. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances.

BLOCK DIAGRAM & WORKING

WORKING

TSOP module has an inbuilt control circuit for amplifying the coded pulses from the IR transmitter.

A signal is generated when PIN photodiode receives the signals which is given to automatic gain control (AGC). The output of demodulator is feedback to AGC to adjust the gain to a suitable level.

The signal from AGC is passed to a band pass filter to filter undesired frequencies.

The filtered frequency goes to a demodulator that Drives an NPN transistor.

The collector output of the transistor is obtained at pin.In this project TSOP 1738 is USED .

MICROCONTROLLERMicrocontroller

hasCPU

(microprocessor)RAMROMI/O portsTimerADC and other

peripherals 

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER 89S52

CPU (microprocessor)RAMEPROM(FLASH)4 I/O ports(8 BITS EACH)Timer & Counter.Serial portWatchdog timerADC and other peripherals

FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER

89S52

The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays.Seven Darlington per package.Output current 500mA per driver.Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads.Outputs can be paralleled for higher current.Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify layoutInputs compatible with various types of logic.Relay driver application.

ULN DRIVER

RELAYA relay is an electrically operated switch . Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism. A simple electromagnetic relay, consists of a coil of wire that surrounds a soft iron core, known as iron yoke.A movable iron armature, and a set, or sets, of contacts.The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to a moving contact which is held in by a spring, so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in therelay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. The relayin the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

WORKING OF RELAY

MOTOR An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical

energy (from a battery or voltage source) into mechanical energy (used to cause rotation).

DC MOTOR: A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses

electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple, a DC motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes the DC motor to turn.

A simple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing rotation.

____________________

The armature continues to rotate.

When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil, reversing the magnetic field.

The process then repeats.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTERThe main component is IC555 .The frequency of U2 is 0.5 Hz & U1 is 38 KHz which is decided by RC components connected with it. The output of U2 is connected with reset pin (4) of U1.Thus U2 controls the operation of U1.The output of U1 is fed to two IR LEDs through Darlington pair made up of Q1, Q2 & R5. The 9V DC battery is connected with circuit through SPDT switch SW1 as shown below :

WORKING OF TRANSMITTER: As shown in figure when SW1 is in position as

shown the transmitter is On and also the red LED is also ON.

When switch changes its position the red LED and transmitter is off and only green LED will on.

When the circuit is energized U2 will start generating high pulse at every 1 sec as this pulse is fed to reset pin of U1 it will generate 38 KHz square wave and give it to IR led’s. IR led’s will generate IR beam of 38 KHz for the same time. Thus after every one second the IR beam of 38 KHz is generated for one second only.

Continue….

This cycle repeats till the red light is on, thus transmitting the IR signal which is received by the TSOP on the receiver.

WORKING OF RECEIVER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RECEIVERAs shown below 24 VAC is given to bridge rectifier &

filtered through C1 ,then to all the regulated ICs .O/P of 7805 is connected to 89S52 ,TSOP & also to all the LEDs. O/P of 7812 (last one) is connected to common coil terminal & to ULN, the outputs of middle four regulated ICs are connected to DC motor through relay contacts. O/P of TSOP is connected with pin P3.3 (INT1) of mc .All five led’s are connected with port P0 .I/P of ULN is connected with Port 1 (P1.0-P1.3), & O/P are connected with second terminal of relay coil.

WORKING OF RECEIVER Initially when you switch on the supply 89S52 will switch all the

relays RL1- RL4 one by one. When any of the four relay get energized the motor will get supply

from it and it will start running, motor will get 9-12-15-18 V supply in steps and gradually increases its speed reaches max speed indicated by first red LED (P0.0) and the speed remains maximum.

Signal becomes red in between then IR sensor will detect IR beam & interrupts the 89S52

The interrupt given to 89S52 will switch off RL4 & switch on RL3 so, motor will get 15 V supply and its speed will be decreased. That’s indicated by second red LED (P0.1).

Now 89S52 will wait for some time (2 to 3 sec) & train goes on with same speed.

Red signal is now turned on ,so that 89S52 receives the interrupt & this time it will switch on Motor gets 12V supply & again its speed will be decreased indicated by third red LED (P0.2).

The same procedure repeats if 89S52 is interrupted third times so the motor runs at min speed (9 V) indicated by fourth red LED (P0.3)

After same delay on receiving fourth interrupt all the relays will be switched off and motor is now stop so the train is also stopped. This is indicated by green LED. Interrupts will be disabled red signal becomes green driver must reset the controller to start the train again.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages: The circuit is simple and the cost is less. As it is microcontroller based the speed is

automatically controlled. The circuit can be easily modified. Prevent Accidents. Fault analyze is easy.

Disadvantages: Range is limited to detect the interrupt

due to the use of IR sensor. The project has less accuracy.

FUTURE SCOPE The receiver part of the project can be modified by

adding units like LCD, RF sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Obstacle sensor, PWM.

LCD: Making the use of LCD will indicate the speed of the train.

RF sensor: In our project we are using IR sensor, due to which the distance at which the signal will be detected is limited and with the use of RF sensor, the distance at which the signal is detected can be increased.

Obstacle sensor: Making the use of obstacle sensor in the project can detect the obstacle n the train can be stopped automatically thus avoiding accidents.

PWM: Using the concept of PWM (pulse width modulation) will make the circuit simple as there will be no use of relays and the system can be made completely automatic.

SOFTWAREKiel51 Compiler

Proteus 6.9 Simulator

Mc-Flash Programmer

Flash Magic Programmer

Express PCB

Delay Calculator

HARDWAREPC

Target Board of microcontroller

Motor driver circuit board

RS232 Cable

Power Supply

FLOW CHARTMain Increase

speedDecrease speed

PHOTOS

TRAIN MODEL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTBeginning with a very special thanks to our project

guide Prof SAJID NAEEM who gave me the confidence and support to begin my Master’s degree and helped me to set my benchmark even higher and to look for solutions to problems rather than just focus on the problem. I am also very grateful to all teaching and non-teaching staff of Electronics Department for helping me to complete this task.

Appreciable regards to my colleagues in chronological order of their names :Faizan, Afreen, Irfan, Keshav, Manisha, Pankaj, Prabhakar, Rimi, Shabnam, Shoaib, Abul Quais, Sufail, Swapnil, Yusuf, Ali for their moral support, co-operation and help in every possible means.

ReferencesIntroduction to Embedded

System (By Mohammed Ali Mazidi )Embedded System by Raj KamalElectronic For You (Magazine)Chip Digit (Magazine)www.embeddedgarage.comwww.efy.co.in

Thank

You…