personality

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

PERSONALITY

DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY“Personality refers to the set of traits and

behaviors that characterize an individual.”

“Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behavior and consistent internal state and explains a person’s behavior tendencies”.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Personality

Theories

HUMANISTIC

TYPE

TRAITPSYCHO-ANALYTIC

SOCIAL LEARNING

TYPE THEORIES According to type theories, people are

grouped into identifiable categories . For ex: Structure of the body.

KRETSCHMER AND SHELDON: (PHYSIOLOGICAL)

A short, plump person (endomorph)Sociable, relaxed, and even tempered.A tall, thin person (endomorph) restrained, self-conscious, and fond of

solitude.

TYPE THEORIESA heavy-set muscular individual

(mesomorph)Noisy, callous, and fond of physical

activity. Drawback: classification of personalities

on a physical basis is subjective. Type theories are simple and popular but carry no substance.

TYPE THEORIES

CARL JUNG: (PSYCHOLGI

CAL FACTORS)

INTOVERTS(shy, quiet

and retiring)

EXTROVERTS

(gregarious, sociable

individual)

TRAIT THEORIESA personality trait is understood as being an enduring attribute of a person that appears consistently in a variety of situations. we could rate an individual on a scale of intelligence, emotional stability, aggressiveness, or any number of other dimensions.

TRAIT THEORIESThere are two ways for assessing personality

traits.1. The person describes himself by answering

questions about his attitudes, feelings, and behaviours.

2. Someone else evaluates the person’s traits either from what he knows about the individual or from direct observations of behaviour.

THE MAIN DRAWBACK IS the terms are difficult to define, there are contradictions, and the scientific reliability of the results is open to considerable challenge.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORYFounded by SIGMUND FREUDPersonality as being composed of three

elements Id Ego Super ego

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Id •The innate component of personality.•It is raw, animalistic, unorganised, knows no laws,

obeys no rules, and remains basic to the individual throughout the life.

Ego•The ego strives to balance the desires of the id and the

realities of the objective, outside world.•It makes decisions, controls actions, and allows thinking,

and problem solving of a higher order than the id’s capabilities permit.

Super ego

•It represents the system of values, norms, ethics, and attitudes which are reasonably compatible with that society.

•It judges whether an action is right or wrong according to the standards of society.

LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS OF ID, EGO, AND SUPER EGO

CONSCIOUS

UNCONSCIOUS

SUPER EGO

EGO

ID

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORYIt regards situation as an important

variable in determining human behavior.It has made a major contribution to both

clinical psychology and personality theory. It has led us to look more closely at the situation that can modify behaviour. Careful application of learning principles has proved very successful in changing maladaptive behaviour.

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHIt is the study of personality includes a

number of theories which, although different in some respects, share a common emphasis, on man’s potential for self-direction and freedom of choice.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are credited with the humanistic theory of personality.

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHRoger’s Self theory : It is described as phenomenological. Phenomenology is the study of the

individual’s subjective experience, feelings, and private concepts as well as his views of the world and self.

For roger’s behaviour is utterly dependent upon how one perceives the world, that is, behaviour is the result of immediate events as they are actually perceived and interpreted by the individual.

ROGER’S SELF THEORY Such an approach to personality

emphasizes the self and its characteristics.

Therefore it is referred as Self Theory personality.

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHMaslow’s Self-Actualisation Theory: It is based on European existential

philosophy Existential philosophy is concerned with

man as an individual and each person alone is responsible for his own existence. He tries to use his potential to become a useful member of society, and to lead a truly authentic and fruitful life. This drive of man which is inherent in him is called self actualisation.

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHMaslow’s Self-Actualisation Theory: Existential philosophy also stresses on

human consciousness, subjective feelings and modes, and personal experience as they relate to one’s existence in the world of other people .

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

ENVIRONMENT

HEREDITY FAMILY

SSITUATIONALSOCIAL

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITYHeredity:It refers to those factors that were

determined at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be imported either completely or substantially from one’s parents.

The following classification of characteristics is said to be inherited by all humans:

i. Physical structure-(how tall or short one is, whether one has short or long nose)

ii. Reflexes-(response to external stimuli, blinking when something falls in the eye)

iii. Innate drivers-(impulses to act based on physiological tensions)

iv. Intelligence-(the capacity to learn)v. Temperament-(phlegmatic “dull”,

excitable or lethargic “inactive”)

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITYEnvironment:It is a broad term and includes such

factors as culture which influences norms, attitudes, and values that are passed along from one generation to the next and creates consistencies over time

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITYContribution from the family:The family has considerable influence on

personality development, particularly in the early stages

Parents play important role in the identification process.

According to research, children with a markedly institutionalized upbringing orphans or unstimulating homes are much more likely to be socially to be and emotionally maladjusted than children raised by parents in a warm , loving and stimulating environment