INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM BUSINESSSTS - 501

First usage One of the first recorded uses of the word

“tourism” is reported by the Oxford English Dictionary(OED1971: 3363) as appearing in England’s Sporting Magazine in 1811.

The word ”tourism” has been part of the English lexicon for nearly two centuries and traditionally had a negative connotation.

A derogatory article in the magazine on the growing tendency of working class English families to travel for pleasure referred to sublime Cockney tourism.

First Definition The definition of tourism given by Guyer Feuler in

1905. Guyer and Feuler defined tourism as “a

phenomenon unique to modern time which is dependent on the people's increasing need for a change and relaxation, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities approach each other thanks to the developments in commerce and industry and the communication and transportation tools' becoming excellent.”

Hunziker and Krapf’s Definition Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined

tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and

relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity”

WTO Definition The most widely accepted definition Approved by United Nations Statistical

Commission in its twenty-seventh session held from 22 February to 3 March 1993

As Per WTO “Tourism comprises the activities of persons

travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRAVEL AND TOURISM

Travel = journeys undertaken from one place to another for any purpose including journeys to work and as a part of employment, as a part of leisure and to take up residence;

WHEREAS,  Tourism includes the journey to a destination + stay at a

destination outside one’s usual place of residence + activities undertaken for leisure and recreation.

THEREFORE, All tourism includes some travel, but not all travel is

tourism .A person may often travel for a wide variety of purposes of which tourism is only one.

Distinguishing Features Some of the characteristics that distinguish

tourism from travel are:

Tourism is:

1. Temporary, to distinguish it from the permanent travel of the tramp and nomad

2. Voluntary, to distinguish it from the forced travel of the exile and refugee

3. Round trip, to distinguish it from the one-way journey of the migrant

Requirements of Tourism What are the basic requirements to make

tourism possible? Discretionary income, i.e. money to spend

on non-essentials Sufficient health and of course the

inclination to travel.  Infrastructure in the form of

accommodation facilities and means of transport.

  Leisure and recreation time

Characteristics of Tourism Five main characteristics of tourism are:

1. Tourism arises from movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations.

 2. Therefore there are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay including activities at the destination.

Characteristics Contd…3. The journey and the stay take place outside the usual

place of residence and work, so that tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and the working population of the places, through which the tourist travels and in which they stay.

4. The movement to destinations is of temporary, short-term character, with the intention of returning to the usual environment within a few days, weeks or months.

5. Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or employment remunerated from within the places visited.

Forms of Tourism The United Nations classified three forms of tourism

in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:

Domestic tourism, which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country;

Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country; and

Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

Categories arising out of basic forms

Categories of Tourism  The UN also derived different categories of tourism

by combining the 3 basic forms of tourism:

Internal tourism = domestic + inbound National tourism = domestic + outbound International tourism = inbound + outbound Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the Korea

Tourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea

Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of national tourism policies.

Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourist

Leisure and Recreation Scope and significance of leisure activity heavily

depends upon the available time and available time determines the mode and destination of travel.

Division of Time Time Active and PassiveMaintenance work Leisure (weekdays, weekends, Vaccation)

Tourist The principal character in the

phenomenon called Tourism is the ‘Tourist’ and without his being around the tourism phenomenon is meaningless.

Derived from the Latin word ‘TORNUS’ which means a tool, a circle or a turner’s wheel. Therefore, tourist is a person who undertakes a circular trip, i.e., ultimately comes back to the place from where he sets about his journey.

WTO Definition - Tourist The most popular and widely accepted

definition of tourism, revised at WTO Conference held in Ottawa in 1991.

“The activities of a person travelling to a place outside his/her environment for less than a specified period of time and whose main purpose in travelling is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”

Characteristics of a Tourist Based on the various definitions of a

Tourist here are some of the characteristics of a Tourist

He takes up his journey of his own free will. He takes up the journey primarily in search of

enjoyment. The money spent on the visit is the money

derived from home, not money earned in the places of visit.

He finally returns to his original starting point.

Therefore, tourist are: - Persons travelling for pleasure, for domestic

reasons, for health etc. Persons travelling for meetings or in

representative capacity of any kind (scientific, administrative, religious etc.)

Persons travelling for business purposes. Persons arriving in the course of sea cruises,

even when they stay for less than 24 hours (in respect of this category of persons the condition of usual place of residence is waived off.)

Who is not a tourist?

i) Persons arriving to take up an occupation or to engage in any business activity in that country.

ii) Residents in a frontier zone and persons domiciled in one country and working in an adjoining country.

iii) Students and young persons in boarding establishments of schools/colleges.

iv) Travellers passing through a country without stopping, even if the journey takes more than 24 hours.

v) Members of the armed forces on a mission abroad

History and Evolution of Tourism

The history of tourism begins with the history of man – of man travelling on foot in search of food and shelter from the forces of nature or wild beasts.

Early travel was undertaken mainly for the purpose of trade, waging wars and conquering new lands

Travel for treatment at natural springs or healing centres gained popularity in the mid 17th century when doctors advocated the healing powers of mineral water

Travel for leisure started in the 19th century and tourism as a profession was born in the beginning of that century.

Early civilizations Agriculture developed in 8000 BC in the middle east

leading to formation of settlements Civilizations also developed simultaneously in India,

China and Egypt In the 5000 BC water transports in the form of rafts

and canoe were developed for use in rivers, lakes and streams

The Sumerians invented wheel in 3500 BC In 3200 BC Egyptians developed sailboats Phoenicians invented money in 3000 BC The first merchant fleets developed by Phoenicians in

1000 BC which sailed along with coastline for Spain

The Imperial Era Travel as a pleasure activity emerged during the roman empire.

Road systems with bridges, aqueducts constructed for military purposes became an excellent tourism infrastructure.

The Romans were also the first to pave roads made of stone and gravel of 80000 km length

Wealthy Greeks and Romans travelled to Athens, Rome, and other cities to participate in or observe sporting competition events.

The Roman empire was prosperous and pleasure loving. Inns were built and the business of renting various modes of transport began to pick up

Imperial Era Contd… Spectator sports such as gladiator contests were organised.

Pilgrimage, sightseeing and Health tourism in the form of bathing in mineral springs were popular activities.

Some travelled to oracles to pay homage to numerous Gods

The Olympic games were held in Olympia, Greece to honour God Zeus

The downfall of Roman empire by the end of 4th Century AD brought a set back to Tourism development and up to 15 centuries tourism experienced slow growth. This period was referred to as “dark age”

Developments in Asia

Unlike in the west, where people believed in extending their territories by conquering land, the Chinese preffered to live within their own territory the Great wall of China (in 214 BC)

India’s wealth was exposed to the world only after the Persian and Macedonian invasion

The Mauryan Emporer Ashoka developed travel facilities mainly for spreading Buddhism. Grand Trunk Roads were improved further. Trees were planted along the sides of the roads. Rest Houses were constructed alongside GT routes for comfort of travellers

Asia Contd..

Caravanserais or walled rest houses were built by the moguls as trade tours became popular.

Education was another major reason for travel. Residential schools and colleges known as Madarsas were developed by Akbar.

Travel was the privilege of upper class, royalty who travelled for pleasure and developed summer retreats to escape dust and heat

The Silk Route Began in 2000 BC. Most important link in the movement of

people from east to west. A major trade route for caravans carrying silk and other luxury items like muslin, porcelain, tea, rice and spices from china to India and the middle east.

Silk spices and ointments left Indian ports in ships bound for the roman empire. Rome sent back gold coins, Greek wine and harem girls.

Navigation was done by looking at the stars or the course of a river or stream.

Flourished during the khushan empire from 50 AD to 200 AD. The Khushan emperors opened and protected the silk route.

Ideas and customs were exchanged along these routes between the people of central Asia, China, India and Persia

Gave travellers an experience of present day tourism – seeing new places and cultures, interaction, exchanging ideas and learning new processes.

European Renaissance Great cultural movement that began in Italy in early 1300 AD. Spread to England, France, Germany, Spain and other countries in

the late 1400s and ended about 1600 AD. It was a period of revival of Greek and Roman cultures.

European scholars and artists, especially those in Italy, studied the learning and art of ancient Greece and Rome.

Famous works or art of Italian artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael inspired the Grand Tour

Concept of Annual Holidays In the year 1552, in England an act was passed during

the reign of Edward VI for keeping of ‘holydays’ and fasting days

Public and Semi-official offices in England frequently closed for a day to observe fasting and praying.

The Grand Tour The 18th century is conventionally considered, the golden age

of the grand tour , especially the 30 years between 1763 and 1793

It was said to be en essential part of education of men and women of high birth to undertake travel to Italy for education and pleasure accompanied by a mentor or guardian. They were expected to learn arts, science, music, literature and culture of Europe and apply the knowledge gained on their return.

The duration of the tour was generally three years. The origins of Modern Tourism Industry are believed to have

begun with the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour for the English elite reached its peak in 1700s

and faded after the French revolution in 1789 and after the wars in 1900s.

Industrial Era Industrial revolution occurred during the late 18th

and early 19th century when major changes occurred in Agriculture, manufacturing and transportation.

It started in Britain and subsequently spread to Europe and America

The first product to affect tourism was the development of steam engine. Steam powered ships and railways hastened the speed of travel

Rail locomotive with steam engines was used for transport of passengers and goods in 1825 – 30 AD. This led to the development of first organised travel or mass travel

Birth of Organised Travel The birth of organised travel came in the year 1841.

570 members of the “Temperance Society” of Derbyshire travelled by “Midland Countries Railway at a specially reduced return fare of 1 shilling per passenger.

The man behind the idea was none other than Thomas Cook, who later on came to be known as “father of organised travel”

In 1843, 3000 school children were taken on a trip from Leicester to Derby.

From 1848 to 63, Cook conducted circular tours of Scotland with 5000 travellers a season

By the year 1855 Thomas Cook extended his field of operations to other continents also organizing the 1st all inclusive tours to the Paris exhibition the same year.

Industrial Era Contd.. The Industrial revolution created working class with some

disposable income. The greater disposable income led to the formation of a

middle class in the society. Even today they make up majority of the tourists.

The invention of Automobiles and their mass production in 1903 is regarded as a technological advance which allowed people to move at their will. (Henry Ford launched people’s car in 1908.

Before world war – I luxury liners were used by the rich for transatlantic journeys

Transatlantic cruises received a setback when luxury liner Titanic sank in North Atlantic Ocean in 1912

Modern Day Tourism Air travel began with the use of hot air balloon

in 1783 by the French. The Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur flew the

first prototype airplane in December 1903. Air travel became commercial in 1919 shortly

after world war – I offering daily flights between London and Paris.

1914 – Passports introduced International air travel open to public. The first

commercial jet airline services started in 1950.

Modern Tourism Cost of air transport and travel time reduced with

the development of jet engine and larger aircrafts

Jumbo jets with more travellers per plane and lower fares

Air travel became fast, comfortable, safe and affordable with Boeing 747 services in 1970.

In 1976 Concorde, the first supersonic passenger airliner begins service between Europe and USA

Other related Definitions Traveller: A general term used for any person

who travels, irrespective of the purpose of travel, distance travelled or duration of the stay. All travellers are not tourists but all tourists are

travellers. Visitor: ‘Any person visiting a country other

than that in which he has his usual place of residence for any reason other than being interested in an occupation remunerated from within the country visited. Visitors are of two types excursionists and tourists.

Classification of a Visitor Can be classified into two types - Excursionist and a Tourist. Excursionist - is a temporary visitor staying for a period of

less than 24hours in the destination visited. (Including travellers on the cruises).

Tourist - Is a temporary visitor staying for a period of at least 24 hours in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following heads : a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion

and sport) b) Business, family-mission, meeting. c) Persons arriving in the course of a sea-cruise even

when they stay for less than 24 hrs.

Some other types Transit Visitor: A visitor who passes

through a country without breaking his journey for taking connection transport is called a transit visitor. Their destination is always another country/place.

Max. time of stay – 48 to 72hrs. Differs from the policy of country to country.

Min. time 4 to 6 hours

Cruise Passenger- a visitor who arrives in the country aboard cruise ships and who does not spend a night in an accommodation establishment in the country.

Domestic Tourist- A person who travels within the country to a place other than his usual place of residence and stays at hotels or other accommodation establishments run on commercial basi s or in dharamshalas or stays with friends and relatives and uses sightseeing facilities, or goes on a pilgrimage for a duration of not less than 24 hours or one night and not more than 6months at a time for any of the following purposes:

Pleasure(holiday, leisure, sports and so on) Pilgrimage, Religious and Social functions Study and Health

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM

Components of Tourism To understand tourism systematically, it is necessary to know

the basic components which together make tourism Industry, which are:

Accessibility, Attractions and Accommodations Attractions: Attractions are what draw individuals to a specific

destinations. There are attractions designed to meet the needs of everyone.“They may be based on natural resources, culture, ethnicity or entertainment”. Attractions can be manmade and natural.

Accessibility: Transportation has been a vital component to the success of tourism Industry. As different modes of travel were invented and improved on, travel became more prominent. Rail transport and motor transport play a major role in domestic travel whereas international tourism relies predominantly on air travel. Airlines support the new trends of more frequent but shorter vacations.

Accommodation: People travelling for pleasure or for business needed a place to sleep. The accommodation sector is extremely important component of the tourism industry. Accommodation categories can include hotels, motels, conference centers, resorts, youth hostels etc.

Along with these components amenity, ancillary services and activities forms the 6 A’s of Tourism: Amenity, Accessibility, Attractions, Ancillary Services, Accommodation, Activities

Of the basic components of a tourist product, attractions are very important. Peter and Robinson have further categorized attractions based on common characteristics, known as “Peters inventory of Tourist Attractions” and “Robinson’s Classification of Tourism Attractions”

Peter has drawn up an inventory of the various attractions known as Inventory of Tourist Attractions which are of significance in tourism.

Cultural: Sites and areas of archaeological interest, Historical buildings and Monuments, Places of historical significance, Museums, Modern Culture, Political and Educational & Religious Institutions

Traditions: National Festivals, Arts and Handicrafts, Music, Folklore, Native life and Customs

Scenic: National Parks, Wildlife, Flora and Fauna, Beach Resorts, Mountain Resorts.

Entertainment: Participation and Viewing sports, Amusement and Recreation Parks Zones and Oceanariums, Cinemas and Theatres, Night Life and Cuisine.

Other attractions: Climate, Health resorts or Spas, Unique characteristics not available elsewhere.

Robinson’s Classification of Tourism AttractionsThe attractions of tourism are, to a very large extent, geographical in character.

Location and accessibility: Whether a place has a coastal or inland position and the ease with which a given place can be reached.

Physical space may be thought of as a component for those who seek the wilderness and solitude.

Scenery or landscape : A compound of landforms; water and the vegetation and has an aesthetic and recreative value.

Climate conditions: Especially in relation to the amount of sunshine, temperature and precipitation (snow as well as rain)

Animal life : Bird watching or viewing game in their natural habitat and secondly, for sports purposes, e.g. fishing and hunting.

Settlement Features: Towns, cities, villages, historical monuments and archaeological remains,

Culture -Ways of life, traditions, folklore, arts and crafts