Country Development Plan Chad: Alfonso Camacho

Qua’Tasia WilliamsSamuel Mendez

Gabriela Meza

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Executive SummaryChad has many environmental and social problems. To fix these, we must provide the necessities of life before anything else. Cleaner water is the most important necessity, a cleaner environment is a necessity. SWIS will aim to make these dreams a reality for the refugee camps inside of Chad.

We are targeting a refugee camp because they are over populated and unsanitary. We are specifically targeting Breijding because the camp has 32 thousand people and is packed in to a small land space. The only shelter they have are tents. They have no access to a cleaner water source. Their waste is not disposed of correctly, creating an unsanitary and unsuitable environment for any human inhabitants. These Unsanitary actions along with the overpopulated camp creates an environment for waterborne and airborne diseases to thrive. These diseases are deadly with no medical treatment, Brei-djing has no medical treatment. Diarrhea for example causes people to be dehydrated, so those people with Diarrhea drink more water because they have no other choice but it causes them to become ill because the water is unsanitary. SWIS will change the environment and save lives by creating a cleaner water source.

The project SWIS proposes to do is to build 5 wells in the 1200ft by 600ft refugee camp that is Breidjing. One in the the center and others 100 yards Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and Northwest of the central well. From those five wells we will have PVC pipes running from the wells so other people farther from the wells will have much easier access to the water. We will create the wells by highering some of the refugee inhabitants so they will have a feeling of responsi-bility and ownership for the wells. We will also be teaching them how to clean the pipes with cholrine and bleach to keep the water sanitary. After Building the wells the refugee camps will become a more civilized and clean environment. We hope to see other chad inhabitants adopt our well constructions and create their own wells in their towns and camps.

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History

The name Chad was derived from designation of the great lake Chad. Which original name was Kuri.Chad is a country that ia located in central, north-ern africa. Chad has a lake located in the south. Lake Chad is the largest wetland in the country and the second largest wetland in Africa. Chad has 200 different ethnic groups. In Chad Arabic and French are the most fluent language. People who live in Chad are able to pratice any religion. Islam and Christianity are the most practiced religion.7000 years ago the region wasnt arid. Chad didn’t exist before the French conquest of 1900, but was an area of important state formation. The Islams arrived in 1085.Before Chad was imperialised it had cave paintings everywhere. It also had alot of animals such as elephant, rhinoccroses, giraffes, and camels. Around Chad people lived and farmed around the shores of the lake, in the north central basin of the Sahara.In 1883 to 1893 the Sudanese adventurer Rabin Zubayr conquered 3 kingdoms which were Qua-dai, Baguirni and Kanem-bornu.Those 3 kingdoms were grouped together and put into this one area. The area that the kingdoms were put in is now called Chad. After that happen the french came and they defeated Zubayr army. This is when there plan to conqure chad has been completed. Chad had became a french overseas territory with its own territorial parliament and representation in the French National Assembly.Chad was offically conqured by France during the territory grab in 1920. Chad was imperialized by France because the French wanted to compete with Great Britain. But that isnt the only reason France conquered Chad, they also had a long-standing interest in the countries that were board-ing the Mediterranean Sea. The French sent troops to Chad so they can protect there territory. The French needed to protect their territory from the attacks of Sudan. The president of Chad, Francois Toombalbaye was forced by France to sign an co-operation document. This document gave France the power to build a military base in Chad. France sent over 1000 troops to Chad to defend the impe-rialist interest.Chad gained independence on August 11, 1960. Chad was a very poor country.

In 1965 the government of Chad Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed. He was overthrowned and killed because he banned opposition parties and made a one party system.Tombalabye was over-thrown by the Chadians. Libya was involved in Chad’s civil war. Chad was in civil war because the French troops that was in N’Djanmena didnt come to an agreement.Libya invaded Chad before they signed a symbol of peace in 1990. The rebellion that broke out in Chad in 1998 cause problems witht he peace agreement and the rebels. The

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2006 May - President Deby is declared the winner of presidential elections. The main opposition parties boycott the poll.

2006 January-June - Thousands of refugees flee eastern areas as marauding Arab Janjaweed militia from Sudan’s Darfur region penetrate deeper into Chad.

2006 November - State of emergency imposed in eastern areas bordering Sudan’s Darfur region after a spate of ethnic violence.

2006 December - Private newspapers stop publishing and several radio stations alter their programming to protest against state censorship under the state of emergency.

2007 February - UN refugee agency warns that violence against civilians in Chad could turn into a genocide.

2007 May - Chad and Sudan agree to stop conflict spilling across their borders but critics fear the agreement is unlikely to reduce the violence.

2007 September - UN Security Council authorises a UN-European Union peacekeeping force to protect civilians from violence spilling over from Darfur in neighbouring Sudan.

2008 February - Rebel offensive reaches the streets of N’Djamena, coming close to the presidential palace; France sends extra troops. Rebels are repulsed in fighting that leaves more than 100 dead.

2008 March - The presidents of Chad and Sudan sign an accord in Senegal aimed at halting five years of hostili-ties between the two countries.

2008 May - Violence between Chadian and Sudanese militias flares up, leading to Sudan cutting diplomatic relations and Chad responding by closing its border and cutting economic ties.

2008 July - Security forces say they killed more than 70 followers of Muslim spiritual leader Ahmat Israel Bichara, who had threatened to launch a holy war, in fighting in southeast Chad.

2009 January - Eight rebel groups unite to form new rebel alliance, the Union of Resistance Forces (UFR), with Rally of Democratic Forces leader Timan Erdimi as its leader.

2009 May - UN Security Council condemns a major anti-government rebel offensive in the east.

2009 November - UN accuses Dudan of supporting URF rebels in Chad with arms and ammunition.

Six international aid groups, including the International Red Cross, suspend work in eastern Chad, citing risk of their staff being abducted or killed

2010 March - Chad agrees to let UN peacekeeping force (Minurcat) to stay on for two months beyond the end of its mandate in mid-March, despite repeated criticism of its performance.

Chad Timeline

•1883-1893 - Sudanese adventurer Rabih al-Zubayr conquers Chad.

•1900 - France defeats al-Zubayr’s army.

1913 - French conquest of Chad completed. Chad becomes a French colony.

•1960 - Chad becomes independent with a southern Christian, Francois - later Ngarta - Tombalbaye, as presi-dent.

•1963 - The banning of political parties triggers violent opposition in the Muslim north.

•1966 - Northern revolt develops into a fully-fledged guerrilla war.

•1973 - French troops help put down the northern revolt, but Frolinat continues guerrilla operations through-out the 1970s and 1980s with the help of weapons supplied by Libya.

•1979 - Malloum forced to flee the country; a coalition government headed by a Muslim northerner, Goukouni Oueddei, assumes power.

•1980 - Libya sends in troops to support Oueddei in his fight against the Army of the North, led by a former prime minister, Hissene Habre. •1981 - Libyan troops withdraw at Oueddei’s request.

First democratic elections

•1996 - Deby wins Chad’s first multi-party presidential election.

•2001 - Deby declared winner in controversial presidential poll.

2002 January - Government and Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) rebels sign Libyan-bro-kered peace deal intended to end three-year civil war.

Darfur impact

2004 January-February - Thousands of Sudanese refugees arrive in Chad to escape fighting in Darfur region of western Sudan.

2004 April-May - Chadian troops clash with pro-Sudanese government militias as fighting in Sudan’s Darfur region spills over the border.

2005 December - Rebels attack the town of Adre, near the Sudanese border. Chad accuses Sudan of being be-hind the incident.

2006 April - Rebels seeking to oust President Deby battle government forces on the outskirts of the capital. Hundreds of people are killed. Chad cuts diplomatic ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels.

Timeline

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Eradicating poverty andhunger

Population living below $1.�� a day in �000 : ��%

Oil pipelines are under construction to improve economy

Prevalence of malnutririon in �000: ��% of children under five

Achieving Universal primary education Primary school comple-tion rate in �000: �1%

PARSET is a project to achieve basic education and advance technology in schools

Promoting gender equality Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationin �000:

Nothing is currently being done in this issue.

Reducing child mortality Under- Five mortality rate in �000: �1%

The MOPH is helping to provide clean food and water and to teach medi-cal services.

Immunization against measles ( 1 - � years of age) in �000: ��%

Improving maternal health Maternal mortality rate in �000: 1.�%

The MOPH has begun to teach medical approach-es and process for child birth and labor.

Adolescent birth rate of women ages 1�-1� in �000: 1�.�%

Combating disease Prevalence of HIV (peo-ple ages (1�-��): �.�%

The AIDS control project is controlling the spread by changing the behavior of the people and by promoting the use of con-doms

Percentage of people with tuberculosis: �0%

Ensuring environmental sustainability. Percentage of people who have access to an improved water source: ��%

The GEF is working to inform the community of the problems and is help-ing to manage irrigational projects and systems

Millenium Development Goals

1010 11

Human Rights There are many major human rights in Chad. These problems are physical abuse to women & children, forcing children to work for no money, and FGM in women. The problems are neverending. The refugees of Sudan are a major problem in Chad. The 3 major problems in Chad are womens issues, childrens issues, and problems of Sudanese refugees. There are many problems that happen in Chad with these issues being a part of the daily lives of these people.

Womens issues are one of the biggest prob-lems in Chad. Women have a process of FGM that are mainly forced upon them. They go through this at a young age. FGM stands for female genital mutila-tion. This means that the women’s genitals are exter-nally taken out, or partially taken out, and sown shut. Women undergo this horrible action any time from just after birth to some time during the first pregnancy. Although most cases occur between the ages of four and eight. Most of the time this procedure is done with out the care of medically trained people, due to poverty and lack of medical facilities in Chad, and the use of anesthesia is rare. This means the girl has to be awake during the whole process. The girl is held down by the older women to prevent her from moving around. As high as 60% of women have this violation done to them. In Chad it is a normal process. Women in Chad can’t even go to the store alone. They must be ac-compined by their husband, but if their husband is not there, the woman’s son must go with her. Most women and girls in Chad are subject to rape and other forms of violence both inside and outside refugee camps. Outside the camps, they face a range of abuses from harassment and threats, to physical attacks, rape and other forms of violence. Some women are even raped by their own family members. The men who do these violent acts are rarely ever brought to justice. Women do not have equal rights of education and training so it is harder for them to get regular jobs.

There are many issues for children in Chad. From boys being forced to be soldiers to girls being raped. Boys in Chad are sold a lot to work for adults and into military service. Boys are mostly sold under

the consent of their parents, and are forced to work as a soldier. Education for girls is more limited than for the boys. Most children don’t even attend secondary school. Fewer girls go to school than boys. Children who attended certain Islamic schools are often forced to beg for food and money. Childen are often abused by teachers. Girls are forced to get married between the ages of 11-12 years old. Armed bandits kidnap boys to make them a part of their military. Many children are trafficked to work and forced into sexual exploitation. Children are often sold to be servents,

beg for food, forced to do labor, but most of all for sexual exploitation.

In Chad the refugee’s from Sudan come into Chad and cause a lot of problems. They take over many villages in Chad, and take children to make them become their own soldiers. They rape the women they find at the villages. The refugee’s kill many people in Chad. There was many abuses to Chad including killing, abducting, injuring, and raping civilians; use of child soldiers; and attacks against humanitarian workers.

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Environmental StatusTheenvironmentinChadisinterriblecondition.Chadhasuncleanwater,terribleairquality,deforestation,pollutionandanimalsarebecomingextinct.TheChadian’slivetheirlifelikethisonadailybasis.Thewaterqualityisbadnotonlybecauseofthefactthattheydon’thaveenough,butalsobecausetheyaren’tgettingridofthewasterightway.Sincetheydon’tgetridofwasteproperly,itleadstohavingbadsoilandwaterpol-lution,sofisharedying.GettingfreshwaterisamajorprobleminChad.Wateriseffectedbysalination.Thepercentageofdrinkingwaterthatissafetodrinkisverylow.Approximately31%ofurbandwellersand26%ofpeopleothertownshaveaccesstocleanwater.Sincethereisn’tenoughwaterinChadtheotherprob-lemsaredroughtsandhowlandsplaguedbysaltwater.InChadtherearealsowaterbornediseases.ThesediseasescorruptthefunctionintheliverandisspreadbythewasteoftheunsanitarywaterthatisinChad.Waterborneinthiscasewascausedbytheafterarmedattacks.There’sabout28,000Chadiansintheeasterntownsaffectedbyit.

TherearemanyanimalsinChadthatarebeingeliminatedorbecomingmorevulnerableduetothefactofdeforestationandpoaching.Animalsarebeingkilledillegallywhichcausesthemtobecamethreat-enedspecies.Therearefivetypesofbirds,twelvemammals,andeighteenreptilesthatabouttobeextinct.Chadlosesabout79,300hectaresoftheforestperyear.Therateofdeforestationisabout0.60%infiveyears.Chadalsolost9.1%oftheforestandwoodlandhabitat.Thenaturalresourcesthattheyhavearegold,lime-stone,sandandgravel,salt,fish,andkaolin.Onadeeperlevel,Chadislosingwaterandthereseemstobemoresandeverywhere.It’sinhumaneaboutwhatisgoingoninChad’senvironment.

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Geography

Mille

Amna Bak

Touloum

Oure Cassoni

Breidjing

Treguine

Iriba

Taziriba

Adre

Bali

NYALA

Korei

Bahay

Am Zoer

Guereda

Goroumba

EL FASHER

Goz Beida

AL JUNAYNAHAbou Goulem

Iridimi

Kounoungo

Goz Amer

Djabal

Farchana

DumaYara

GuluSisi

Tine

Thur

LimoKass

Guba

Seyah

Barde

Guldo

Bilal

Buram

Safia

Tulus

Riyad

Gorno

Mailo

Kalma

Beida

AbataAzoum

Sirba

Nyama

Kubum

KirwaDibis

Masry

Kutum

Korma

Maliha

El DurAreida

Rokero

Yassin

Habuba

Artala

Mellam

Mukjar

TanakoArarah

Karnoi

Seleya

Murnei

Deleij

Taisha

Korole

Mellit

Zam Zam

Umajaja

Gereida

Joghana

Sandada

Shataya

Kungara

Habilah

Masteri

Um Kher

Nertete

Kundobe

Kerenik

Garsila

Bendesi

Singita

Hashaba

Tawilla

Sanihaya

Ed Daein

Degoussa

Mangarsa

Hillilat

Zalingei

Koulbous

Mershing

Porsaeed

Daba Toga

Khor Omar

Muhajuria

Um Dukhan

Um Tagouk

Abu Ajura

Umm Berro

Um Labasa

Manawashi

Kebkabiya

Eleikersha

El Ferdous

Abughusoon

Jabel Moon

Birkasaira

Serif Omra

Fata Barno

Abu Karinka

Abu Sellala

Abu Souroug

Um Burongga

Foro Burunga

KanvoHaraza

SanamEl Naga

ArdamataCamp

Gemeiza Korma

Abdel Shakor

Damrt Elsheikh

Shangil Tobayi

Rehed al Berdi

Garah Fargwiya

Al SharefBin Hussein

Abushouk

Intifida

Um Sayala

21°E

21°E

22°E

22°E

23°E

23°E

24°E

24°E

25°E

25°E

26°E

26°E

27°E

27°E

10°N 10°N

11°N 11°N

12°N 12°N

13°N 13°N

14°N 14°N

15°N 15°N

16°N 16°N

Date: November 18, 2004

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

SUDAN

CHAD

C.A.R.ETHIOPIA

Janub Darfur(Southern Darfur)

Shamal Darfur(Northern Darfur)

S U D A N

C H A D

Gharb Darfur(Western Darfur)

Nam

esan

dbo

unda

ryin

form

atio

nar

eno

tnec

essa

rily

auth

orita

tive.

32,212 Refugees

18,119 Refugees

16,819 Refugees

18,855 Refugees

13,529 Refugees

11,960 Refugees

16,265 Refugees

15,120 Refugees

11,246 Refugees

21,547 Refugees

0 50 10025 Kilometers

Department of State202-203-7789

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Water sources are not only to satisfy the thirst of the people, having water will benefit the people in so many ways. By having more water people will also have more food because they will be able to produce crops. They will also have a more stable economy because they will be able to grow cash crops and they won’t have to rely on rainfall. Families will be financially secure. There is also conflict for natural resources when there are very little resources but if we distribute water we will eliminate conflict for water as a resource. With cleaner water we can also eliminate diseases and stop them from spreading. Unicef has done research which shows that only 9% of people in Chad have access to improved sanitation facilities. Diarrhea is a major cause of death for children in Chad. Diarrhea is a water-borne disease which actually causes dehydration and kills the victim or host of the virus if not properly treated. By sim-ply helping to distribute and clean water we can eradicate many problems in chad.

Chad has many problems within the country, including poverty, hunger, diseases, and environmental prob-lems. Above all other problems, the most dire and in need of attention is the lack of clean water resources. The absence of water plays a major role in many of the country’s problems. However we can improve conditions in Chad by providing the ability to access a cleaner water source for the people. Before anything else can be helped in Chad, people need to have the basics in order to survive. Water is the most basic yet most important and fundamental resource for the social and economic infrastructure of Chad.

Not all people in Chad have access to clean water. In fact most people have no access to water at all for miles, they have to walk for hours in order to get water. The water they have access to is brown water

and full of water-borne diseases. Only 40% of Chad’s population has access to a cleaner water source. The lakes and rivers that run through chad are drying up or have already dried up. Lake Chad, the biggest lake in Chad is now only 5% of it’s original size. Serious droughts are a very important aspect of why water is a scarce resource for many people. Another reason why people have no access to clean drinking water is because of the Darfur region across the border of Sudan and Chad. People who lived near the Darfur region in Chad are now fleeing because of attacks and raids on their towns and villages. This migration to the west is causing other villages and towns to share resources with too many people. The environment and the society cannot cope or function well with so many people in one area. Many villages are expanding ten-fold. There is not enough water in such a small region to quench so many people’s thirst.

Description of Need

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each direction from each well. This will provide more locations for the people of Chad to obtain a clean water source. SWIS is mostly targeted at small remote cities. Breidjing is a great place to start our project. It is located nearby a great groundwater supply. The wells will give these human be ings a chance on life & to have clean healthy water. Allthough the location is small, there are thousands of refu-gees living here that need water. We propose to give them a chance in life. Many people of Chad never have a choice on having clean water. On the otherhand, SWIS aims to give them a choice.

Clean water is a huge necessity in Chad and that’s exactly what they don’t have. Breidjing is a great refugee camp to target for out project. Our project called, SWIS (Sanitary Water Is Standard) has been created to change that. It will address the unsanitary water and attempt to create clean water sources. SWIS will create ground water wells so people will be able to retrieve clean, healthy water. The wells will be inside of the village or cities,usually towards the center to create easy access to all people living in the area. The wells will also be hand-pumped so people will always be able to operate the wells and they won’t be so complex that the citizens won’t be able to use it. SWIS will have a community based employment system meaning we will employ people from the com-munity to help construct the wells. We choose to employ members of the community not only to lower expenses but to make the people feel like the well is actually their’s and it will create a sense of responsibility for the well among the commu-nity. SWIS will also build the wells out of compos-ite materials like adobe, stone, wood and other materials that are easily made or acquired by the community. By creating the wells out of these materials, the community will be able to repair and sustain the wells by themselves. The wells are not only for drinking water but clean water for washing clothes or cooking as well. We know how important water is for society and our goal is to give the cities and villages who are in dire need of water, access to it whenever and for what ever purpose they may have. We will start this project in Breidjing,

Chad. There is a great groundwater source around Breidjing. A refugee camp in Chad. All the refugees have came from Sudan. The population in this camp is about 32,212. The wells we will be creating will be tested daily. It goes through a process in the well that clears the water of contamination and bacteria. This process will happen everytime new water comes through the well for the people of Breidjing. To clean the wells it takes a process of a couple days. It’s a fairly simple process that the people of Breidjing can easily learn. All it takes in chlorine and bleach. We will construct wells approximately 300 feet Northeast, Southwest, Northwest and Southeast of the main well in the center of Breidjing. From these wells we will be running PVC pipelines approximately 40 ft in

Project Proposal

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Impact Analysis

Most of Chad’s population has no access to a clean water source. Our goal is to change that but like any other action taken there are impacts and effects from those actions whether positive or negative. SWIS will mostly have positive effects however, this plan effects so many people that it could have a negative side.

There are very minimal negative effects. An effect being that whoever supplied the little water being re-ceived by the people would be out of a job. Another possible negative effect could be that the project could bring more refugees in to Chad. They might be encouraged to stay because of the new water source and better living con-ditions, however we hope to see people leaving Chad to go back to Sudan throughout the coming years after issues in Darfur are resolved and after There would be many positive impacts upon completing SWIS’s goal. SWIS would actually create more jobs

than it would destroy because people would need to maintain the wells. People would also be paid to build wells in surrounding areas. One positive impact would be the death rate for dehydration plummeting. Another effect would be decreasing the number of deaths because of diarrhea . Sanitary water would also improve all sanitation around the overpopulated cities and villages. Easy access to water would also mean that water would be used more often, creat-ing a clean environment and cleaner homes and clothes. More water also means more agriculture meaning that the economy would be more stable because of irrigation and the ability to control the amount of water used to grow cash crops. Not only could the people grow cash crops but other crops too, decreasing the malnutrition and hunger-related death rates. The wells and pipeline systems we create will only serve the community around it, however by teaching the construction, maintenance and water sanitation processes used, people would begin to create and develop their own wells and plans for other cities and villages.

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Project ImplementationYear # 1: In the firsr year our goal is to find the water sources underground and create the blueprints in order to begin building by the second year. The water sources will be the foundation of a well and a pipeline system.

Year # 2: In the second year we’d like to have built wells for the people in the refugee camps. We will higher people from the refugee camps in order to build these wells. By hiring the inhabitants of the refugee camps they will have a sense of responsibility and aprreciation for the wells. We will also teach them how the wells are being built so they will have the knowledge and know-how to build them if necessary. We also hope the knowledge on building them will spread to other refugee camps.

Year # 3: During the third year our goal will be to build a pipeline system connecting to the wells in order to distribute the water without building more wells ( the blueprints for the system will be made during the first year). The system will serve as a sanitary water source for any purpose including irrigation and sanitation.

Year # 4: During year 4 we want to teach people in the refugee camps to maintain the wells in order to keep them functional and sanitary. We will teach them the process of cleaning the water by using cholrine and filtering the water,

Year # 5: During the fifth year we’d like to see other refugee camps beginning to build their own wells by seeing the benefits of having cleaner water source. The project will influence other refugee camps to build wells and through that they camps will become much more sanitary and have better living conditions.

By the tenth year We want to drastically improve the “access to a cleaner water source” percentage. We want to and plan to meet the millenium development goals inside the refugee camps.