Upload
gregory-urayayi-mutsindikwa
View
213
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The potential of CTP in Afghanistan - From a global perspective!
Citation preview
Cash Transfer Programming Series
Cash Transfer Programming in Complex Emergencies
The case of Afghanistan
Urayayi Gregory MutsindikwaCash Transfers Focal Point/ Specialist
Afghanistan
Cash Grants – Unconditional/ Conditional
Vouchers - Commodity/Cash Vouchers - open/closed/electronic
Cash for work - *CAVES – Community participation; Asset creation; Vulnerability considered; Entitlement and Seasonality
Social Transfers - Repeated, unconditional, predictable cash transfers provided to longer-term vulnerable or destitute HHs
Cash Transfers definition and typesWhat is CTP?
‘CTP in emergencies is one form of humanitarian response, which can be used to meet basic needs and/or protect, establish or re-establish livelihoods’ (CaLP CTP Basic - Level I Training)
‘Cash interventions that transfer resources to people by giving them cash or vouchers’ (ODI Good Practice Review)
When CTP is Appropriate?
Timing of Cash Transfers
• Preparedness and activities during (emergency phase) and immediately after a disaster (early recovery)
• Relief/recovery /development are concurrent events in practice.
• CTP avoids development phase cash interventions (microfinance, loans etc)
Principles of cash transferFood insecure or resource poor targeted (poorest of the poor)IDPs and disaster affected reachedPhysically vulnerable targeted‘Ownership’ by the communityGender sensitivityFair and equitable payLivelihoods not undermined
Food insecure or resource poor targeted (poorest of the poor)IDPs and disaster affected reachedPhysically vulnerable targeted‘Ownership’ by the communityGender sensitivityFair and equitable payLivelihoods not undermined
Cash Transfer Process – CTP II curriculum
Fears about Cash
CTP has different, not necessarily greater risks
CTP has different, not necessarily greater risks
Participatory Approaches Participatory Approaches
Conditionality Restrictions
Conditionality Restrictions
Risk Analysis
Risk Appetite – Accept, Control, Avoid, Transfer
Advantages of Cash/Vouchers
The Global Picture• Continuous growth of cash and voucher
programmes among humanitarian agencies
• UN shift towards CTP (even WFP - 30 to 40% target by 2015), UNHCR, UNICEF, OCHA
• Donor policy and funding shift (ECHO food assistance policy; DfID /UK-aid; USAID)
• Increased role of private sector
• Still lots of scope for innovation and more risk-taking
The CaLP – Shift in Focus by Timeline• Consortium of 5 INGOs, BRC,
OGB, NRC, ACF & SC• The 5 form steering committee to
support capacity building, research and information-sharing on cash transfer programming as an effective tool to help deliver aid in times of crisis.
• Strategic partnership with International Federation of the Red Cross and Crescent Societies and the wider community of practice
2006
2015
Potential for CTP at scale & speed ideal for Afghanistan – an Integrated Market System
Markets in Afghanistan are generally integrated within; and with regional
countries and are functional. CTs may not be ideal where markets
are not existing!
ALWAYS do market assessments to
ascertain functionality before deciding for CASH/VOUCHERS
ALWAYS do market assessments to
ascertain functionality before deciding for CASH/VOUCHERS
Needs detailed market assessments
Cash/Voucher Working Group
FSACFSAC
FSAC INTER CLUSTER
SHELTERWASH
NFIPROTECTIONNUTRITION
HEALTHEDUCATION
Current Achievements
• Established a Working Group under FSAC• 4 Cash Transfers Trainings – 3 basic and 1 advanced
in Kabul and Mazar (Northern region)• Established a CTP website: http://afghanctp.org/en• CTP guidelines have been developed based on the
lessons learnt + Case studies guidelines• New technologies e.g. M-Paisa piloted with Roshan
Some Major Cash/Voucher Programmes in Afghanistan in 2012
Donor Project Est. budget $/€/£DFID DFID-funded M-Paisa project - 5 months for 5,690 HHs in
Faryab, Samangan, and Jawzjan @ AFN 8,400 each£1,000,000.00
ECHO The ECHO-funded Drought Response for five NGOs (Intersos, ACTED, Oxfam Novib, Save the Children and People in Need) for 14,422 HHs - 1,870 UCTs and 12,552 CFT/CFW
€2,841,891.00
ECHO/ERF NRC – ECHO-funded cash for Emergency Programme NRC has a component of UCT for 1,000 HHs, CFTS – 500 HHs900 HHs @$60-65/HH – with Cash for Winter Fuel
€2,836,110.76 &
$59,920.00SIDA/NMFA/ TELETHON
NRC Cash for Shelter in Nangahar, Hirat, Kunduz and Kabul, to date > 1,600 HHs @ $2,700 each (on going project)
Approx. $4,500,000.00
WFP 160,000 HHs - monthly paper-based value voucher of approximately $25 provided to beneficiary households for 6 months on unconditional basis, and redeemable for food at selected shops
>$24,000,0000.00
Example 1: Conditional Cash Transfers Experiences NRC Cash for Shelter over 7
monthsParameters Direct Material Support Community Driven
Layouts Fixed/standard Flexible with framework
Handing over Mostly not on time Before time
Occupancy rate 80/108 = 74% 260/294 = 88%
Adjustments after hand over
40 destroyed and extended None reported so far
Economical responsibilities Less economical burden to beneficiaries
More burden to beneficiaries
Staffing 6 8
Shelter units 108 294
Cost/Shelter USD 3000/30m² ($100/m²) USD 2700/41.07m² ($64/m²)
Quality Fair Good to Very Good
Beneficiary satisfaction Low to Medium High
Example 2: ACF Afghanistan CFW Comparison Study, 2011
Key budget lines Total E5K - CFW % Total F7C In-Kind %
HR costs 101,828 13 190,590 28
Running costs 192,270 24 162,736 24
Received by Beneficiary
505,902 63 318,137 47
Total Budget 800,000 100 671,463 100
no. of beneficiaries 4,000 2,000
cost per beneficiary 200 336
The table shows that E5K project was more efficient and spent less on overheads and HR and more on beneficiaries.
Source – ACF Afghanistan CTs Evaluation November 2011
Examples 3 – Findings from the field
Findings from HHs Expenditure Patterns Figures on CTs in the Afghanistan
Aspect Amount in Afs/$/€
Labour Rates/day Afs 250 - 350$ 5.00 - 7.00€ 4.15 – 5.80
Food Basket in Afghanistan/month
Afs 4,000 – 6,000$ 80.00 – 120.00 € 66.00 – 99.00
Range of CT rates by NGOs in Afghanistan/month
Afs 2,050 – 3,500$ 41.00 – 70.00€ 33.83 - 57.75Approx 51% - 87.5%
Cash delivery modalities in use and possible in Afghanistan
• Direct cash distribution (most common)
• Use of mobile phones (DFID - Roshan)• Hawala system (ACF study)• Vouchers (WFP)• Scratch Cards • Pre-paid Debit/ Smart Card• Use of banks• Use of point of sale machines
Limitations for CTP in Afghanistan
• Access• Targeting• Redistributions• Resistance by agencies from ‘comfort zones ’• Corruption• Gender • Perceptions
Suggested Solutions for CTP in Afghanistan
• Community involvement• Embrace technology• Prepositioning and contingency planning• Advocacy• Training and capacity building• Coordination• Accountability and Complains mechanisms
Thank You – Tashakoor!!
$
$
Questions?