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11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 1
Whose
Immaterial Economy?
Jyrki J.J. Kasvi
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 2
Information society civilization
InformationprocessingPre-languageSpeechWritingPrinting pressICT technology
Availableinformation~ 107 bits~ 109 bits~ 1011 bits~ 1017 bits~ 1025 bits
Printing press gave birth to copyright as we know it: To protect content providers against distributors
ICT tehcnology is going to need a corresponding system: But to protect whom against whom?
CivilizationlevelPackTribes/villagesTowns/citiesIndustrial Networking
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 3
Anne’s act 1709
In 1709 the first actual copyright law was enacted in United Kingdom – Defined the three interest groups whose relationships copyright
laws still governs: content provider, publisher and consumer
– Publishers had no right to limit the way consumers use the content they purchase, DRM would have been illegal in 1709.
– It took 300 years from Gutenberg’s invention to get a law
The principles of Anne’s act worked for almost 300 years!– Requires small copying costs and centralised control
– In digital world the copying costs are zero and each and every computer is a potential printing press
– Now the change happens much faster than 300-400 years ago.
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 4
Challenge and opportunity
Printing press created the basis for copyright system1. Making of new copies of content is cheap2. It is possible to centrally supervise and control copying
Newspapers and popular culture were born as a result– But the profession of scribes was wiped out
Digital technology requires new rules1. It costs nothing to copy, edit and distribute content2. It is impossible to centrally supervise or control copying
What new cultural phenomena digital technology makes possible?
– Social media, crowdsourcing, …– Rip-n-mix & mash-up– ???
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 5
Goals for a new copyright system
Of these we probably have a wide consensus
1. To maximise production and use of content – the expansion of culture– E.g. the original goal of the patent system was to maximise the
distribution and use of new innovations – expansion of economy
2. To secure livelihood of content makers– What about benefits of media industry shareholders?– Production and marketing services used by content makers are
also under threat
3. To facilitate new forms of content, expression and culture– Crowdsourcing, mash-ups etc. vs. copyright
Of means to achieve these goals we still need to discuss
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 6
Problematic details
Copyrights of public information– Have been used to limit publication and usage of public information– How to use content created by public cultural institutions and broadcasting
companies? Copyrights in developing countries
– Research and education institutions of developing countries cannot afford the prices of scientific and educational materials
Disabled people’s equal access to information– Content should be transferable to formats accessible to disabled people– DRM should allow blind people’s screen readers to work
Copyrights of software have been forgotten– Economically the most important sector of copyright economy in Finland
The intimate relationship of media industry and law makers– The secrecy of ACTA negotiations have not stopped media industry
lobbyists from being informed (better than politicians or NGO’s)– Consumer and civil rights have been secondary to economic interests
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org
Supervision and control
The only way to enforce traditional copyrights in digital age is to supervise continuously everybody’s digital communications– Privacy?– Who is responsible for supervision and judgement?
Cutting internet connections is the only working punishment – Freedom of expression?– Who is responsible for enforcing punishments?
Chinese proposal– Install supervision compulsory software on each and every
computer Who would be watching the watchmen?
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org
Cloud computing politics
Applications, content and computing are becoming cloud computing services– Content providers must become service providers
Kindle etc. Is doing the same to books and newspapers as Spotify did to music– TV channels may die but IP television services grow
The tension between the rights of content providers, publishers and customers stays– Amazon removed 1984 from their clients’ Kindles
What is going to happen to public libraries?– Publishers would be more than happy to see libraries dwindle
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 9
Difficult near future
Media industry is going through a painful structural change– CD and DVD, even mp3 and mpeg are going to follow
LP and C to oblivion– Content becomes service
Amateur media challenges industrial media– Distributed and shared content production
Commercial news media are facing a challenge to survive– The role of public broadcasting and media increases
11.12.2009 www.kasvi.org 10
Sukupuolten välinen digikuilu?
Discussion
U.S. Army Photo